The World is Flat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

The World is Flat - Essay Example For skilled students however, it meant greater opportunity because he or she can apply for jobs beyond his or her geographical location. In addition to being really good with my area of expertise, I should also learn other skills such as computer skills because technology is the way of the future. Almost all jobs virtually involve technology and I must equip myself with this skill to make myself employable. I must also learn how to work with other people of different cultures because the work setting in the future will be characterised by diversity where people of different nationality will have to work together. Online base jobs are one of the world flattener. They are one of the world’s flattener because it makes people mobile in terms of seeking employment without even leaving their homes. They are as productive as those who go to office except that they are working in the comfort of their homes. Business organization are already adapting to these kind of work structure which they call telecommuting recognizing the advantages it offer both to the company and the

Law of Contract Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law of Contract - Case Study Example The requirement for the program is usually postpones or suspended for a limited period of time, and may require notice in order to rely on the contractual clause."1 Whether the bad weather can classified as force majeure making the delay acceptable is dependent upon the force majeure clause in the building contract that the parties entered into. Said clause should contain: According to the case of Paradine v Jane3, it is necessary to adhere to the strict and literal application of contractual terms. In that case the defendant refused to pay rent since he was no longer in possession of the land. The defendant was made to pay rent since the court ruled that there was no express or implied terms within their contract to grant a reprieve in such circumstances. In the event that the agreement between the parties does not clearly state or cover the issues at hand, the basic agreement contained in UK law regarding Force Majeure is found in the Standard Building Contract or SBC Item 13. The SBC states that a contractor is entitled to an extension of time in cases of "other relevant events such as exceptionally adverse weather conditions, specified perils, civil commotion or terrorism, strike and the execution by the UK government of any statutory power which directly affects the execution of the works after the base date."4 The performance of the obligation is deemed suspended until the passing of the force majeure and thus it will create the effect of extending the time allotted to finish obligation as discussed in the case of Tenneco Canada Inc. V British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority.5 Accordingly if the workers strike, a circumstance considered by the court as a force majeure, caused the direct cessation of the Tenneco's electric supply then Tenneco would be granted a reprieve from payment of the monthly demand charge on top of the electricity bill. But since the stoppage of work caused by the strike did not prevent Tenneco from using the electricity hence he must pay the consequent monthly demand charge. The obligation to pay was not deemed suspended. In the case of Snograss the inclement weather condition caused work stoppages and delays, hence the period to complete the obligation must be suspended pending the passage of the force majeure. This being the rule of law, Snodgrass contention is valid. The reason of force majeure causing the delay is valid. The additional time of 10 days it took Snodgrass to finish the first fifty bungalows is valid and reasonable. Hence the breach of contract is excused and the Newchestham Borough Council cannot terminate the same nor is it entitled to

Charlotte Haze

Charlotte Haze Literature is not solely a method of entertainment. It is also used to expand a readers mind by allowing them to enter a different world. To do so, a reader will often have to suspend their disbelief. It is very rare that one must question what he/she is reading. Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita is the confession of an erudite European intellectual with an obsessive desire for nymphets-girls between the ages of nine and fourteen who are, as he judges them, sexually aware. In Humbert Humberts confession, he admits to the years of molestation of a young girl referred to as Lolita (Dolores Haze). This confession is written by him while awaiting trial for a seemingly unrelated murder. At the end of the novel, Humbert states that the murder he committed was an act of love and he rationalizes not only his violence but his pedophilia. Although the confession seems free-flowing and a spur of the moment decision on the part of the narrator, how does Nabokov indicate that Humbert Humbert is an unrelia ble narrator through the use of literary devices and linguistic patterns in Lolita? Despite Humbert Humberts horrid crimes, his language and wordplay make for a more pleasant reading experience than one would expect. Through the use of characterization, diction, and comparison and contrast, Nabokov suggests that Humbert is unreliable and knowingly writes a tale that paints himself as a victim of circumstances. Characterization: As Humbert Humbert is the narrator of the novel, he characterizes the individuals in the story. No second opinions are presented; therefore the reader is given a one-dimensional interpretation of each character. There are clues in the novel that suggest Humberts descriptions are biased in his favour, including the rapid changes in the characters personalities and the tone in which they are described. Humberts descriptions of Charlotte Haze, in particular, change significantly as the story progresses. Charlotte, Lolitas mother and Humberts eventual wife in the novel, is a middle-class American housewife who aspires to be sophisticated and cultured. Her relationship with her daughter is strained as she focuses all her attention on accommodating her lodger Humbert Humbert, who finds her intolerable and simply wants access to Lolita (Dolores Haze). During the beginning of the novel and the beginning of their relationship, Humbert refers to Charlotte simply as the Haze woman. His disgust and aggravation is apparent even at the mention of her presence. When first describing Charlotte to the reader, Humbert states: I think I had better describe her right away, to get it over with. She was, obviously, one of those woman whose polished words may reflect a book clubbut never her soul; women who are completely devoid of humour (Nabokov 37). His dislike for Charlotte is made clear from the m oment she is introduced to the reader; however Humbert continues to point out her vulgarity and lack of sophistication. One night, while secretly fondling Lolita on the front porch, Humbert writes: [Lo] fidgeted a good deal so that finally her mother told her sharply to quit it and sent [her] doll flying into the dark (Nabokov 46). Charlottes behaviour seems over-the-top and disdainful. However, it is interesting that whenever Humbert has any inappropriate contact with Lolita, he follows quickly by writing of Charlottes contempt towards her daughter. After his contact with Lolita on the front porch, he quite sarcastically writes the following excerpt: [Lolita] had been spiteful, if you please, at the age of one, when she used to throw her toys out of her crib, so that her poor mother should keep picking them up, the villainous infant. Now, at twelve, she was a regular pest, said Haze. Her grades were poor. Of course, moodiness is a common concomitant of growing up, but Lolita exagerrate[d]. Sullen and evasive. Rude and defiant (Nabokov 46). Although expressing Charlottes frustration with her daughter, the speech is not a direct quote from Charlotte indicating that Humbert is paraphrasing what she has told him. This harsh-toned speech seems to be a convenient ploy on the part of the narrator to distract from the fact that he took advantage of a young girls trust for his own physical gratification. In fact, throughout the novel, Humberts abuse of Lolita is followed by negative dialogues from the other characters. Nabokov seems to suggest that Humberts confession is well thought-out and biased in his favour. It seems the narrator wants to justify his actions. After Lolita tags along to a shopping trip with him and Charlotte, Humbert quotes her mother as saying: It is intolerable that a child should be so ill-manneredwhen she knows she is unwanted (Nabokov 51). While they are driving, Humbert takes advantage of Lolitas proximity to hold, stroke, and squeeze [her] little paw all the way to the store (Nabokov 51). Humbert use s Charlottes contempt towards Lolita to justify his affection towards her. Although this physical contact is outwardly innocent, Humberts intentions are clearly pedophilic. It is by characterizing Charlotte as unmotherly and unkind that Humbert tries to gain the readers sympathy. He portrays himself as a father figure providing a mistreated girl with love. Before her death in the novel, Charlotte is portrayed as a brutal, unloving mother. However, after she is accidently killed, Humbert is free to parent Lolita. After he collects Lolita from the summer camp she was forced to attend, one notices the change in the tone he uses to address Charlotte. Lolita, since returning from camp, has remained troublesome and moody. After Humbert has consummated his relationship with the young girl, they engage on a long road trip including many pit stops and shopping trips. The teenage girl is not particularly enjoying their voyage and is understandably vulgar and upset. Humbert is quoted many times as saying: Charlotte, I begin to understand you! (Nabokov 149). Humbert narrates and characterizes other individuals in a way that will arouse sympathy for himself. Previously, when Humbert would engage in inappropriate contact with Lolita, he would deliberately point out her mothers unaffectionate nature to justify his touching her child. Now that Charlot te, the obstacle, has been overcome and Humbert regularly molests and abuses her daughter, he points out Lolitas insufferable qualities. He now understands Charlotte and points out that she was not as negative a person as she seemed. Humbert does this in order to paint himself as a tired father putting up with his difficult daughters every whim. Humberts descriptions of Lolita also change, removing the characters likeability as the story progresses. At the beginning of the novel, Lolita is described as closely resembling Annabel, Humberts childhood love. Humbert explains that he is instantly captivated by her beauty: When I passed her in my adult disguise, the vacuum of my soul managed to suck in every detail of her bright beauty (Nabokov 39). Although Lolita is a mediocre American child, vulgar and even less polished than her mother, Humbert seems to view the girl through rose-coloured glasses. To him, she is not vulgar, but charming, not aggressive, but misunderstood by her wretched mother. Although Humbert does not appreciate Lolitas idolization of American pop culture, nothing much else is said with regards to her intellect. Interesting to note is Lolitas minimal dialogue in this part of the novel. She does not say much, except for her frequent arguments with Charlotte. In these arguments, Lolita is not portrayed as a de licate child, but rather a strong-willed, aggressive girl. I think you stink and this is a free country are some of the arguments made to her mother during their verbal fights (Nabokov 46). During one particular fight, Humbert writes: Later, I heard a great banging of doors and other sounds coming from quaking caverns where the two rivals were having a ripping row (Nabokov 48). Writing this, Humbert indicates that Lolita is able to hold her own against her mother. She is not the type to be trampled over or forced to do anything. By including dialogues and descriptions such as these, Humbert suggests that Lolita is a strong child who gets what she wants. In addition to describing her bad-temper, the physical contact between Humbert and Lolita is always said to be instigated by the girl. Humbert narrates: Presently an old gray tennis ball bounced over [Charlotte], and Los voice came from the house haughtily: Pardonnez, Mother. I was not aiming at you. Of course not, my hot downy darling (Nabokov 55). What to an average person would seem like a playful act derived from boredom, Humbert tries to illustrate as an act of seduction. Humbert portrays Lolita as a willing participant in his games, as shown in the following excerpt: Humbert Humbert intercepted [her] apple. In a sham effort to retrieve it, [Lo] was all over me. Every movement she made, every shuffle and ripple, helped me to conceal and to improve the secret system of tactile correspondence between beast and beauty-between my gagged, bursting beast and the beauty of her dimpled body in its innocent cotton frock (Nabokov 58-59). Although Humbert sits there almost inert during thi s encounter, and although Lolita comes to him, he instigates the situation by innocently taking her fruit from her. After her stay at a summer camp, Lolitas sexuality has changed drastically as the reader learns she has had her first sexual encounter. In this part of the novel, through direct quotes, Lolita is characterized differently. She is very teasing of Humbert: I did not [miss you]. Fact Ive been revoltingly unfaithful to you, but it does not matter one bit, because youve stopped caring for me anywayyou havent kissed me yet, have you? (Nabokov 112). Humbert then narrates: Lolita positively flowed into my arms (Nabokov 113). This is the first serious encounter the two characters have: a kiss Humbert narrates as having been Lolitas idea. Although Humbert describes the confidence with which Lolita engages in this behaviour, he also reveals that it was but an innocent game on her part, an imitation of fake romance. Having already lost her virginity to a young man at camp, Lolita initiates sexual intercourse with Humbert during their stay at a hotel. However, more than a romantic partner, Nabokov illustrates Lolita as a young girl in search of affection of any kind. Charlotte, not fitting the maternal archetype whatsoever, was jealous of the relationship between Humbert and Lolita. Having not yet learned that her mother is dead, and believing Humbert and Charlotte are still married, Lolitas contact and conversation with Humbert resembles a bitter act of rebellion against her mother who forced her to attend camp (an experience she describes as dirty and naughty despite her cool demeanor). Having sex with Humbert seems like more of a game to Lolita as she does not understand the severity of her actions. However, it is a way of betraying her mother, just as Charlotte betrayed her by sending her to camp. When Humbert reveals in a most insensitive way that Charlotte is dead, Lolita is truly heartbrok en. Humbert writes: At the hotel, we had separate rooms, but in the middle of the night she came sobbing into mine, and we made it up very gently (Nabokov 142). The quotation suggests that the two engaged in sexual relations once again, and although Humbert does not specify why Lolita was crying, it was most certainly due to the death of her mother and not the mild argument she had with him. The statement illustrates a young girl with no one to turn to except for the adult who victimizes her. Having lost her mother, her only remaining parent, Lolita turns to Humbert-her technical father. He uses her need for affection to gain control of the situation for his own physical gratification. Despite frequent dialogues and descriptions in which Lolita is shown to be unhappy and vulnerable, Humbert adds his own biased interpretations of Lolitas behaviour. She is characterized as a manipulative, able girl. If she is not bought certain things, if she is not allowed to go to certain places, Lolita withholds sex from Humbert. This is an unfavourable depiction of the young girl as her body is the only power she possesses. She has no money, and without Humbert, she cannot survive. In order to put herself in a position of power and achieve some sort of reward for her suffering, Lolita uses her sexuality-something Humbert describes as cruel, manipulative promiscuity. Killing Clare Quilty, the man with whom Lolita runs away, Humbert describes as an act of love for having forced Lolita into poverty. His possessiveness in this part of the novel indicates that he is defending his honour rather than hers. Humbert writes his confession in order to convince the reader that though he is g uilty, he was controlled by a force greater than himself. Through his dynamic characterization of the other characters, Humbert inadvertently reveals he is only interested in telling the story from a viewpoint that will allow the reader to sympathize with him. Diction: In addition to character development in Lolita, diction is also suggestive of Humberts unreliable narration. Throughout the novel, the reader is entranced by Humberts fancy prose style. It is the language used that makes the grotesque themes in the novel bearable. However, many recurring words and linguistic patterns used by Humbert betray the persona he wants to create. Although Humbert wants his confession to seem unbiased and unplanned, the first paragraphs of the novel indicate that his confession is directed to a particular audience-[the] ladies and gentlemen of the jury (Nabokov 9). He, himself, titles his work Lolita, as it is essentially the story of the young girl. However, the foreword written by the fictional Dr. John Ray titles it The Confession of a White Widowed Male. It is interesting that it is always during the most grotesque scenes in the novel that Humbert directly acknowledges the presence of the reader. When pondering whether or not to kill Charlotte, Humbert directly engages the reader(s): And, folks, I just couldnt! In silence I turned shorewardand still I could not make myself drown the poor, slippery, big-bodied creature (Nabokov 87). At times during the confession, Humberts writing becomes almost self-reflective-it seems he gets lost in his past experiences. Nonetheless, in the moments where his morals come into question and where his behaviour becomes criminal, he speaks directly to the reader. Humbert almost acts as his own lawyer, and in an eloquent persuasive tone, tries to sway the reader in his favour. Humbert also uses wordplay to foreshadow Clare Quiltys involvement and significance to the story. In the beginning of the novel, Humbert reads a review. Clare Quiltys name appears, alongside others, and plays are listed including The Little Nymph and Fatherly Love. Humbert says that Lolita could have appeared in a play called The Murdered Playwright, alluding to playwright Clare Quiltys murder. Quiltys presence is always felt in Lolita even before his character is introduced. This leads the reader to believe that Humberts narrative is not free-flowing, but rather serves a direct purpose: to gain sympathy from the reader for the murder he committed. In addition to the change in audience, the connotation and tone of the words used change depending on the situation. Besides Humberts descriptions of nymphets, every other character and experience in his confession is described with cynicism and irritation. Nymphets are introduced as fantastical beings: Nine and fourteen [are] the boundaries-the mirrory beaches and rosy rocks-of an enchanted island haunted by those nymphetsand surrounded by a vast, misty sea (Nabokov 16). This description seems out-of-character for Humbert, who otherwise presents himself to be (within reason) rational. Humbert also states that not all girls in this age range are nymphets. It is the slightly feline outline of a cheekbone, the slenderness of a downy limb [which identify] the little deadly demon offantastic power (Nabokov 17). Humbert chooses to coin the term nymphet instead of using the accepted term of underage girl. By stating that he is not attracted to all young girls, Humbert tries to separate him self from regular pedophiles. The magical tone that surrounds these descriptions makes it seem as though Humbert is not in self-control and submits to the powers of these mystical demons who drive him to abnormality. It is interesting to note that Humbert is very scientific and technical in other parts of the book using jargon such as pederosis and pseudolibidoes. The two different methods of speaking represent Humberts ability to change according to circumstance. While trying to explain his helplessness in the presence of Lolita (and other nymphets), Humbert betrays himself through his word choice. Although eloquent, his possessiveness jumps off the page. Whenever speaking of Lolita, seemingly arbitrary descriptions include possessive pronouns. This is demonstrated numerous times in the novel: How smugly would I marvel that she was mine, mine, mine (Nabokov 161). Constantly referring to the girl as my child, my Lo, my pet, Nabokov italicizes the pronouns to place emphasis on Humberts possessiveness. Furthermore, it is interesting to look at the sentence structure. Whenever events take place involving other people, Humbert makes sure to unite Lolita and himself: Last night, we sat on the piazza, the Haze woman, Lolita and I. Even when writing, Humbert must remain close to Lolita, using punctuation to separate Charlotte from the two of them. Humbert tries to label Lolita as the seducer and instigator of their physical relationship: She played with and kept sticking to my lap (Nabokov 45). Descriptions of such scenes are never explicit, but when movements are described, they are always those of Lolita. Humbert leads the reader to believe he is just a pawn in Lolitas game. In another section of the story, he writes that [Lolita] struck Humbert, quite painfully (Nabokov 65). This is yet another example of Humbert purposefully showcasing Lolitas strength and willpower. Surprisingly, he refers to himself in the third person-something he does often when he bribes/seduces Lolita. It is unavoidable for Humbert to implicate himself in the novel, but when he narrates the more disturbing things he does, he never personalizes it, using Humbert instead of I or me. By doing so, Humbert defeats the purpose of a confession, not really acknowledging it was him who did anything wrong. Although Lolita is shown to sometimes be an hasty child, the words used to describe her when shes around Humbert always paint her as bold and aggressive. She is said to make Humbert nervous. When Lolita reproaches him for his lack of kissing skill, Humbert tells her to show [him] wight ray (Nabokov 120). It seems out-of-character for the eloquent Humbert to be so inarticulate. However, through the use of diction and punctuation, Nabokov suggests that Humbert does not directly quote characters in the novel. In one part of the novel, Humbert writes: Look, we need to go, said Lolitaor something along that line (Nabokov 76). Even though Lolita is clearly quoted, Humbert cannot be sure. This allows the reader to create distrust in Humbert, as he clearly changes dialogue. Many of the letters and conversations Humbert includes in the confession, he admits are paraphrased. Therefore, it is quite difficult to completely trust Humberts story as some of his bias has inevitably seeped through. Also interesting are the nicknames given by Humbert to other characters. Charlotte is also known as the Haze woman, cold big Haze and Lady Hum. Humbert reveals his own mercurial nature by changing the connotation of the nicknames depending on his mood. The fact that his opinions of other characters change so rapidly and so often indicate that Humbert is using them to better his image in the eyes of the reader. There are instances where Humbert seems disgusted with himself, describing his attraction to nymphets as a monstrous love(Nabokov 83). Immediately after he reproaches himself, Humbert goes on to support pedophilia: We are not sex fiends! We are unhappy, mild, dog-eyed gentlemen sufficiently well-integrated to control our urge in the presence of adults, but ready to give yearsof life for one chance to touch a nymphet. Emphatically, no killers are we (Nabokov 88). Humbert never apologizes for his behaviour, admitting it is only society that makes him feel deviant. Contrast Comparison: Nabokov uses contrast and comparison in Lolita to indicate Humbert Humberts biased narration. Humbert often defends his pedophilia-reprimanding societys hypocrisy. He compares his relationship with Lolita to many historical couples: American president Abraham Lincoln and his younger wife, Italian scholar Petrarch and 12 year-old Laureen, and poet Dante Alighieri and his 9 year-old companion. Humbert mentions these relationships as if to validate his relationship with Lolita. These men, whose women were often their muse, served great purpose to society. Humbert questions the confines the law puts on his people (pedophiles), as these men of great status improved the world while sharing his love of nymphets. It is important to note Humbert does not dwell on the age of these men or the time period they lived in (hundreds of years ago). In addition to this, Humbert makes a direct comparison between Annabel, his childhood love, and Lolita. Dolores Haze takes on multiple names: Lo, Lola, Dolly, Hot Little Haze, and Lolita. Humbert states that: in [his] arms, she was always Lolita (Nabokov 9). Later on in the novel, one discovers that Lolita is derived from combining Annabels name with the name Dolores. Annabel Lee and Dolores produce Lo-lee-ta. Although Humbert ridicules psychiatrists, he drops many clues (including this wordplay) that suggest that Annabels early death is the reason for his attraction to underage girls. A love taken from him during a fragile age leading to sickness-this image, he hopes, will arouse the readers sympathy. In the novel, Humberts love scenes with Annabel are somewhat explicit; they use many metaphors and symbols: I was ready to offer her everything, my heart, my throat, my entrails, I gave her to hold in her awkward fist the scepter of my passion (Nabokov 15). As he and Annabel are of the same age, Humbert can be more direct with the reader in these scenes. Conversely, Lolitas sexual scenes with Humbert are quick and do not describe any physical interaction. One assumes that Humbert does this to avoid arousing disgust in the reader. This indicates that Humbert formulates his story in a way that keeps the reader on his side. Throughout Lolita, comparisons are made between older women and girls Humbert deems to be nymphets. Older women, no matter their role in Humberts life, are always unattractive, cruel and unintelligent. Valeria, Humberts first wife, is described as fat, dumb and completely inept. Charlotte Haze is also fat, disgusting and irritating. Young girls are always painted as desirable. The most beautiful language is used to convince the reader of the power of these nymphets. They are seductive, physically-tone, and delicate (Nabokov 17). Humbert tries to illustrate older women as revolting, so the reader will be able to empathize with his lifestyle. Younger boys, however, are never described in the same light as young girls. They are dirty, repulsive, and dangerous. Any boy Lolita speaks to, any waiter who comes into contact with her is described negatively. Humbert portrays himself as Lolitas protector, unwilling to let her be tarnished by these lowly creatures. This is how he sees Clare Quilty. He is the man who kidnaps his daughter and then abandons her. Before Humbert discovers that Quilty is the man Lolita runs away with, Humbert sets out on a mission to trace the fugitiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to destroy [his] brother (Nabokov 247). In the final scenes where Humbert and Quilty are fighting, Humbert narrates: I rolled over him. We rolled over me. They rolled over him. We rolled over us (Nabokov 299). This is the only time in the novel when Humbert (indirectly) acknowledges his mistakes. Referring to Quilty as his brother, Humbert illustrates that they are one in the same. They both helped in destroying a young girl. This is the only moment of remorse shown in the novel, as Humbert quickly reverts back to condemning Quilty. Conclusion: Although readers often expect the narrator of a novel to be completely truthful, it is important to question the reliability of the narrator. In Lolita, Nabokov indicates that narrator Humbert Humbert has his own personal agenda and tells the story in a very biased way through the use of characterization, diction, and comparison and contrast. Why then is this novel so compelling to read? Why does the reader insist on being lectured by the corrupt Humbert and feeding into his lies? Although the narrator is biased in his assertions, Nabokov makes sure to include several clues to help the reader discover Humberts deception. Lolita is not simply escape literature, as it requires the reader to actively think about the story being told. By placing trust in the reader and stimulating their intelligence, Nabokov has created one of the literary masterpieces of all time.

Free College Essays - The Motif of the Sun in The Stranger by Albert Camus :: The Stranger The Outsider

The Motif of the Sun in The Stranger In Camus' novel The Stranger the predominate motif of the sun has been variously interpreted by many critics as a symbol of Meursault's repressed emotions. This is an interpretation I simply cannot accept, for I have always regarded the sun as symbolic of the superego - the force of society within Meursault. Like the sun, society is generally thought to be a positive thing. People usually regard a good strong society that instills its members with a strong, unified code of morals as something to be desired. In the same way, people tend to think of a bright, warm, sunny day as something good and positive. However, both the force of society and theforce of the sun can become overpowering. They beat down on people, smothering and suffocating them, just as the sun beats down upon Meursault throughout the novel. The sun is present whenever the force of society is strong within Meursault. At the funeral the sun bears down on Meursault as society smothers him with expectations that he will grieve his mother's death in a typical manner. At the beach when he kills the Arab the sun is ever present and overpowering, making Meursault disoriented and confused. In the same way the power of society suffocates and confuses Meursault as it bears down on him with its views on morality. The sun is also present at the trial, just as is the force of society which claims to possess the right to judge people. The force of society is absent in the prison, likewise the sun is absent from Meursault's dark cell, and because the overpowering force of society has been removed, Meursault is finally able to "[open himself] to the gentle indifference of the world." At one point Meursault leans from the window in an attempt to feel the sun's last

United Colors of Benetton

I  Executive Summary The United Colors of Benetton: a company of colors and controversies. Offering the world an insight to fashion, as well as, human equality and world issues, Benetton gives us stylish clothing and innovative promotion. While trying to capture an audience favoring Italian character in style and design, the company additionally desires to present the world with contentious campaigns to awaken thoughts and debates. These controversies are jeopardizing Benetton’s position in the industry, and its reputation of being trendily unique and committing to world harmony.II. Introduction The United Colors of Benetton (Benetton), an Italian based company, is primarily focusing its business on clothing and controversial advertising. Presented all over the world, the company is available to young and old in combined colors and stylish fashion. In the following pages a complete internal and external analysis of the company will be explained, as well as, a description of the company’s overall standing. The alternatives as seen are described to include the advantages and drawbacks of each alternative.Conclusively, a recommendation based upon all of the findings outlined is prescribed. III. External Analysis A. Customer Analysis Benetton sells women’s and men’s apparel, accessories, shoes and fragrances to clients that are mostly fashion-oriented women and men between the ages of twenty to thirty- five. Color’s is published in three editions and four languages, with a website that is both popular and praised by critics. The magazine is bi – monthly and reaches young people all over the world.Benetton is an interesting trans – national corporation that truly has a social conscience and tries to employ models who look like the human race–even featuring gay models who are HIV positive. B. Competitor Analysis The clothing industry is a very broad industry selling products ranging from pants and shirts to ac cessories. It is affected by the la test trends in design, models, colors and styles, and also by consumer preference. There are several similar companies selling comparable products, so competition is incredibly fierce. Benetton does not outsource any of its procedures, but is in charge of design, production and distribution.It is therefore difficult to compare the company with other organizations in the same industry since competitors can be smaller and concentrate on only one aspect of the commercial chain. Consequently, Benetton’s competitors were selected by viewing the  www. hoovers. com  web site. According to the organizations available here offering approximately the same products as Benetton the main competitors are Industria de Diseno Textil (Inditex), GAP and Hennes and Mauritz (H&M). It is assumed that these three organizations are Benetton’s closest competitors due to the fact that they target the same consumer segment.According to the CBS Market Watc h the competitors are not all present in exactly the same industry due to the fact that Benetton and Inditex actually produce clothing and fabrics, design and retail fashion products, while GAP only retails, and H&M retails and designs its goods. It is assumed that the exact industry is irrelevant because all companies still aim for the same target market and therefore compose a threat to Benetton. Furthermore, all four organizations originated from four different countries, but this is also looked at as unimportant because they are a global company with global customers. . Inditex Inditex is the closest competitor to Benetton because it is present on the stock market and it also designs and retails its fashion. It is a global company with more than 1,300 shops in almost 40 countries. It is most popular in Europe, just like Benetton, perhaps due to its origin: Spain. Inditex introduces new products by answering to popular trends presented by customers. The company has a larger marke t share than Benetton in the clothing and textile industry with sixty-eight percent compared to Benetton’s twelve percent (CBS Market Watch).This could be as a result of Inditex’s six banners compared to Benetton’s five, and also because of the fact that Benetton has been having several difficulties selling its products after its highly noticeable marketing campaigns were banned in several countries. Furthermore, Inditex is mentioned as number three hundred and ninety on the FT Global 500; the world’s largest companies list, while Benetton is not on this list (Financial Times). 2. GAP GAP is an American-based company with almost 4,250 stores worldwide. GAP only retails its products, but the company is a strong competitor toBenetton. GAP sells basic, causal styles for men, women and children. The company has three chains and all clothes are privatelabeled merchandise made specifically for GAP. GAP is on the Fortune 500 as number one hundred and thirty, and also on the FT Global 500 as number three hundred and forty-eight (Hoovers). 3. H&M H&M is a fashion company from Sweden. It has about 844 stores in 14 countries and is in the midst of developing further. H&M designs its clothes by using 90 different designers who create collections for women, men, teenagers and children.H&M’s intention is to uphold a high fashion content which is up-to-date within design concepts and at the forefront of the latest international trends (hm. com). The organization also sells underwear, sportswear, accessories and cosmetics. The competitive structure of the clothing industry can be explained as very assorted and complicated to plot. Organizations do not segment by age as much as by lifestyle or theme; for example, designer accessories, formal wear and casual wear. There are several channels of distribution available, such as catalogue retailing, department stores and outlets, as well as the typical brand store.The industry can be viewed as fai rly fragmented and there is a large amount of different chains available on the market. The industry is therefore highly competitive. Barriers to entry are low, and chains can expand quickly and grow large in size and popularity. Present companies have to struggle with new competition often and intensely. Companies are very dependent on customer preference and reputation can fluctuate distinctly due to modifications in, for example, fashion and image (Institute for Retail Studies). C. Market AnalysisToday, the Benetton Group is present in 120 countries around the world. Its core business is clothing: a group with a strong Italian character whose fashion, design proficiency and enthusiasm are clearly seen in the United Colors of Benetton and the more style-orientated Sisley brands; in The Hip Site, the brand for teenagers; and in the sportswear brands, Playlife and Killer Loop. Benetton’s sports goods brand, Prince (tennis racquets, footwear & apparel), has a 30 percent global market share, and Rollerblade In-line skates also has a 30 ercent global market share. Additionally, NordicaSkis (ski boots & mountain wear) has a 28 percent global market share. Ektelon Racquetball is the market leader. The Group produces over 100 million garments every year over 90 percent of those are in Europe. Its retail network of 5000 stores around the globe is progressively more focused on large floor-space points of sale presenting high-quality customer services and additionally generating a total turnover of two billion euros net, of retail sales.Benetton has experienced tremendous growth and above-average profitability over the years, and what makes it especially striking is the fact that it has been achieved in mature industry apparel in an apparently hostile environment – labor-expensive and unionized northern Italy. Benetton’s financial reports from 1996 to 2002 show growth and increasing revenue except in 2002; total sales in 2002 amounted to approximat ely 2. 0 billion euro, down from 2. 1 billion in 2001. The main reason for this loss is that the program for the disposal of the sports equipment business resulted in the steep decrease in turnover in the sports sectors.It hurt the Group’s overall performance. Moreover, Benetton’s communication campaigns played an important role in establishing its brand identity. On the other hand, they alienated the target market and Benetton retailers. For example, in Germany, Benetton’s second-largest market, partly because of the controversial print- media campaign, awareness of Benetton had significantly increased relative to other clothing brands, in part due to the controversial print- media campaign; however, measures of likeability relative to competing brands decreased.Also in 1995, several of the 600 German retailers that used to carry the Benetton line banded together in a boycott. Thus, the Group attributed much of its 1994 sales drop to the campaign. Additionally, the company partnered with Sears for a more affordable line of Benetton USA, then lost the contract when Benetton planned to release an ad campaign with death-row inmates. Thus, Benetton lost its place in the U. S. market, as the company became better known for its infamous P. R. than its clothes.The understated image of the Gap replaced the aggressive social advertising of Benetton in clothing campaigns as the 90’s came to a close, but Benetton is Europe’s largest clothing manufacturer and the worlds largest consumer of wool in the garment sector. As a result, the market share in the United States has gradually decreased, even in the European area. In contrast, the Benetton’s market share in Asia area has been increasing, for example in, Japan, Korea, and China due to being the Group’s core targets. In 2000, the revenues by geographical area showed European (74. %), the Amercias (12. 3%), and Rest of the world (13. 4%). However, Benetton’s 2002 r evenues by geographical area sho wed a different trend as European (68. 9%), the Americas (9. 6%), Asia (8. 9%), and other (12. 6%). D. Technology Analysis Using communication and information technologies is a very effective strategy for Benetton. The company is referred to as quick response, in which manufacturing, warehousing, sales and retailers are linked together. In this strategy, a Benetton retailer reorders a product through a direct link with Benetton’s mainframe computer in Italy.Due to the strategy, the company is capable of shipping a new order in only four weeks, and that is several weeks faster than most of its competitors. Furthermore, the company is using integrated information systems; therefore, the company checks daily sales data from its own boutiques, which is integra ted with CAD and CIM. Also, global EDI network links agents with production and inventory information. The EDI is ordering transmission to headquarters, and it links with air carriers, as we ll.Recently, Benetton planned to weave radio frequency ID (â€Å"RFID†) chips into its garments to track its clothes worldwide. The chips would help the Italian clothing manufacturer cut costs by eliminating the need for workers to take inventory by manually scanning individual items of clothing. It would also protect the garments against theft. However, the RFID chips could pose significant risks to customers privacy because they would allow anyone with an RFID receiver to locate customers wearing Benetton clothes, including companies that want to sell them their products.Therefore, consumers would be bombarded with intrusive advertising because a history of customers’ purchases and their identities would be linked with the tag even after they leave the store. It would weave the technology into the collar tags of clothes that cost at least 15 dollars to keep track of them as they ship. The RFID technology offers Benetton a number of advantages, not the least of which is its ease of use. Unlike a bar-code scanner, which must be held directly in front of the item being scanned, mployees with RFID receivers or shelves with the technology can scan entire boxes of items from up to five feet away. The technology would thus require fewer people to scan clothing items for inventory purposes. RFID technology also provides business managers easily with store detailed information about customers buying habits that could spur further sales. The tagging system may also save the company money by reducing theft, because the RFID tags can be programmed to set off an alarm if someone leaves a store without paying for an item.Similarly, the technology would make it harder for merchants to sell stolen or bootlegged versions of clothing in flea markets and other venues; a retailer who spots an item that she suspects is either stolen or illegally manufactured could check its origin using the tagging system. It may also help customers find the clothes they want in th e store and even make it easier for them to return items without a receipt because the store would have recorded the RFID tag. E. Socio-Cultural Analysis From a socio-cultural perspective, fashion is a cultural and societal issue that varies from culture to culture and from country to country.It also varies within a specific culture with time. A company like Benetton must monitor trends for new opportunities or threats because as the fashion trends change, so does the customer base, and the ethnic/multicultural consumer is the fastest growing segment. Clothing, however, is a visual representation, which fulfills the de sire of each individual who wants to be noticed in a society in a particular way. Because of this, the apparel industry will never falter or suffer abrupt changes, but will adapt and change due to various conditions.Linked to this phenomenon is the aspiration of different types of individuals with different desires to either have the newest or most significant types o f apparel, particularly in the industrialized nations. This requires participants in the industry to offer the newest styles of clothing in order to retain market share. Despite this overall socio-cultural trend, there is some indication that majority of consumers are not purchasing as rapidly as they have in the past due to the fact that the economy is recovering.Markets for lower-end brands continue to exist, however, in developing nations where individuals cannot afford the cost of newer styles. As a result, the fashion industry is an industry where the socio -cultural environment is of prime importance. The firms in this industry above all, must bring out new designs and keep†¦ —————————————————————————————————————†”—————Top of Form Bottom of Form

Organized Crime Essay

Ever since the time that human beings began living in any form of community setting, it is likely that organized crime, albeit in a primitive form, was born. Today, organized crime is quite different than the stereotyped mobster of the days of Al Capone. With this evolution in mind, this essay will answer various questions about the modern face of organized crime. Why Does Organized Crime Still Exist? Organized crime still exists today for a variety of reasons, especially when the development of the modern world is taken into account. First, on the most basic level, the classic organized crime organizations still serve a vital function in every corner of the world as a means of managing drug trafficking, illegal gambling, prostitution and many more typical vices that represent profitable opportunities for the criminal enterprise. The complex nature of the political, technological, and economic world in the 21st century also lends itself very well to the proliferation of organized crime. For instance, the many global terrorist groups that are active at the present time are very well run organized crime groups (Washington Times, 2003). Technology, and its link to international commerce has also fostered present day organized crime; in a far cry from the days of â€Å"Murder Incorporated†, organized criminals today often use the Internet and related devices to commit what is called transactional crime, such as bank fraud, embezzlement, stock market swindles, and more (Punch, 2005). What are the Roles of Various Law Enforcement Agencies in Fighting Organized Crime? Traditionally, the various law enforcement agencies served the purpose of protecting the common good and to promote common decency by eradicating the vice and corruption that organized crime fueled. In most cases of localized organized crime, local or state police agencies were able to keep organized crime in check; in the extreme cases when organized crime was international in nature, world police organizations such as Interpol and the FBI got involved. Presently, however, due to the globally terroristic nature of organized crime, which represents as much of a threat to global security as it does to the quality of everyday life, organized crime has been challenged by the armed forces of the nations of the world (Olson, 1995). In these circumstances, world leaders have formed crime fighting alliances to act as a global police force to bring international organized criminals to justice (Fighting Organized Crime, 2000). What are the Challenges with Undercover Investigations in Organized Crime and the Use of Informants to Prosecute Organized Crime Figures? Undercover investigation, due to its very nature, poses its own unique challenges; the need for the undercover officer to maintain his or her assumed identity, effectively infiltrate criminal groups, and bring criminals to justice is perilous to say the least. When undercover investigation is employed in organized crime, a whole new realm of challenge and danger surfaces. To begin with, organized crime groups are typically tightly knit, making the introduction of a new person, especially one whose whole life was created as a work of fiction highly difficult. Once â€Å"inside†, the undercover officer must also maintain the identity at the peril of the investigation at least and their life at worst. Use of informants to prosecute organized crime figures is highly challenging as well; the reliability of the informant, who is of course a criminal, can make or break the investigation. Moreover, keeping that informant in place without being revealed as an informant is daunting and also risks the investigation and the life of the informant. Conclusion Organized crime is alive and well in many forms, given the complex nature of the modern world. As time goes by, fighting organized crime will become increasingly difficult, and the stakes will get higher and higher. World leaders and law enforcement must work together to make a difference.

Vegetarianism essays

Vegetarianism essays For a long time now many people have different views about smoking in public places. Smokers feel it is their right to smoke where and when they want. On the other hand non-smokers feel smokers violate their rights and endanger there life. Smoking causes heart disease, lung cancer and other serious illnesses. Cigarette smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer. A substantial number of lung cancers that occur in non-smokers can be attributed to involuntary smoking. There are some parts in the United States where you can smoke in public places, on the other hand in New York there are designated areas. While some people feel that smoking in public places should remain since it is their right, smoking in public places should be banned because second-hand smoke will endanger non-smokers health Smokers feel they have had the right to smoke in a public place for so long that it should not be taken away. Resturants and businesses should be allowed to set their own smoking rules, based on demands of the customers. Also business may decrease if they do not allow smokers the right to smoke, ecspecially bars and restaurants. The work place is another problem for smokers, now they have to go outside even in the winter to have a cigarette, even though they used to be able to smoke inside.A strong supporter on smokers rights is Democratic Assemblyman Dick Floyd, who wanted to vote for a controversial smokers right bill. He feels it is not a smoking bill, it merely protects the people who use legal substances such as tobacco and alcohol in their homes from job discrimination. However, smoking in public places is a danger to non-smokers health for the reason of passive or second-hand smoke. The public does not realize the significant hazards of passive smoking. A U.S enviromental protection agency stated second-hand smoke is the third major cause of lung ...

Guyana; solid waste management Essay Example

Guyana; solid waste management Essay Example Guyana; solid waste management Essay Guyana; solid waste management Essay 1.0 Chapter 1: Introduction1.1 Background As a underdeveloped state, Guyana is faced with the basic job of solid waste direction. Harmonizing to Gonzalez ( 2009 ) [ 1 ] â€Å"solid waste† refers to all decayable and non decayable solid and semisolid wastes, including but non limited to garbage, rubbish, ashes, industrial wastes, slop, destruction and building wastes, abandoned vehicles or parts thereof, and discarded trade goods. This includes all liquid, solid and semisolid stuffs which are non the primary merchandises of public, private, industrial, commercial, excavation and agricultural operations. Although waste disposal patterns in Guyana have non kept gait with the demands posed by additions in urban population and subsequent additions in waste coevals over the past few decennaries, solid waste direction is non at a critical phase ( Zavodska , 2003 ) [ 2 ] . However, it should be noted that the entire waste generated in 1995 for Guyana was reported at 42,665 dozenss and this increased by 5 per cent to 44,831 dozenss in 1996, a farther 2.4 per cent in 1997 and another addition of 2.4 per cent in 1998 ( Caribbean Community Secretariat, 2008 ) . Obviously, the most important addition in the entire waste generated in Guyana was from 1999 to 2000 where the waste coevals increased from 47,287 dozenss to 57,256 dozenss, stand foring an addition of 21.1 per cent. : Harmonizing to PAHO/WHO ( 2004 ) , among the six municipalities of Guyana, the per capita coevals of solid waste is greatest in Rose Hall, whereas, the smallest per capita coevals corresponds to the municipality of Anna Regina. Furthermore, there is unequal information documented as it pertains to the solid waste composing in Guyana, particularly for the municipalities outside of Georgetown. In Georgetown, the per capita coevals of wastes is considered to be the 2nd largest in the state with about 180,000 dwellers bring forthing in surplus of 190 dozenss of waste on a day-to-day footing ( Inter-American Development Bank, 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Zavodska ( 2003 ) landfilling at Mandella Avenue is considered the lone manner of disposing municipal solid waste ( MSW ) in the capital metropolis. Basically, due to the absence of sufficient fundss to develop proper, healthful landfills, that are lined and have controls for leachate and methane coevals, MSW is frequently dumped into impermanent, ill designed, unlined, unmonitored holes in the land. As noted by ( Zavodska , 2003 ) , these stopgaps urban landfills are nil more than shoal excavated trenches, backfilled with solid waste and covered with dirt one time filled to capacity. Furthermore, due to the deficiency of sufficient out-of-door public waste bins in Georgetown, domestic wastes are frequently dispersed throughout the metropolis therefore doing it hard to take steps against taint ( United Nations, 1997 ) . Additionally, PAHO/WHO ( 2004 ) notes that, solid wastes accretions observed in urban countries roads and informal markets tend to increase in the macro and micro rates of vectors every bit good as bad smells and toxic fumes generated by the in situ combustion of these wastes. These informal markets along roadways and unfastened infinites besides generate solid wastes ( most of them organic in nature ) that create jobs to the aggregation system as they do non hold a proper storage system. Besides, rainwater drainage is frequently used for disposing solid wastes throughout the metropolis, and accumulated wastes frequently clog drainage canals quickly ( PAHO/WHO, 2004 ) . With respects to the composing of solid wastes in Georgetown, it should be noted that waste word picture informations reported by ( Brown and Vince, 2001 ) indicate that the organic fraction of the wastes generated exceeds 50 per centum ( by weight ) of the entire waste. The organic waste watercourse is basically composed of wasteof a biological beginning which may include points such as paper and composition board, nutrient, green and garden waste, carnal waste and biosolids and sludges. [ 3 ] More so, organic wastes are normally generated as a constituent of most waste watercourses and the term is by and large non intended to include plastics or rubber even though these polymers are surely organic in nature. Besides, decayable wastesare a subset of organic wastes with the differentiation being that decayable wastes, for case nutrient garbages, tend to biodegrade really rapidlywhereas some other organic wastes, for case paper, tend to necessitate drawn-out times or particular condit ions to biodegrade3. In add-on, with such big measures of organic wastes being generated, this poses a serious menace to public wellness. However, the importance of biological procedures in the direction and recycling of organic wastes has been widely recognized. Vermicomposting, which is basically one of the most efficient methods for change overing solid organic stuffs into environmentally friendly, utile and valuable merchandises for harvest production is deriving acknowledgment around the universe, though it is non a popular engineering ( Edwards, 2004, Aalok et al. , 2008 ) . As a procedure for managing organic remainders, vermicomposting represents an alternate attack in waste direction, since the stuff is neither landfilled nor burned but is considered a resource that may be recycled ( Aalok et al. , 2008 ) . In this sense, vermicomposting is compatible with sound environmental rules that value preservation of resources and sustainable patterns and therefore, can be an appropriate option for the safe, hygienic and cost effectual disposal of the organic fraction of solid wastes ( Kaviray and Sharma, 2003 ) . Vermicomposting may be defined as an accelerated procedure of biooxidation and stabilisation of organic wastes that involves interactions between angleworms and micro-organisms ( Edwards, 2004 ) . Although the micro-organisms are responsible for the biochemical debasement of the organic affair, angleworms are the important drivers of the procedure by break uping and conditioning the substrate, increasing the surface country for microbiological activity, and changing its biological activity ( Dominguez et al. , 2004 ) . In kernel, earthworms act as mechanical liquidizers and by interrupting down the organic affair they modify its physical and chemical position, bit by bit cut downing its Degree centigrade: N ratio, increasing the surface country exposed to micro-organisms and doing it much more favorable for microbic activity and farther decomposition. The terminal merchandise, or vermicompost, is a finely divided peat-like stuff with high porousness and H2O keeping capacity that contains most foods in the signifier that can be readily taken up by workss. Additionally, these angleworm dramatis personaes are rich in organic affair and have high rates of mineralization that impli cates a greatly enhanced works handiness of foods, peculiarly ammonium and nitrates ( Dominguez et al. , 2004 ) . It should be noted that the function of angleworms in the betterment of dirt birthrate and concentration of pollutants has been known for a long clip. However, angleworms were non commercially used for pollution control. In the last two decennaries, vermicomposting has found commercial applications in pollution direction ( Agarwal, 2005 ) . This engineering basically involves the application of angleworms for battling the waste disposal jobs, for minimising the pollution effects and to obtain utile merchandises from wastes. It is a little graduated table, low engineering attack and uses locally available labor and natural stuffs. Furthermore, the transmutation of solid wastes into vermicompost can be interpreted as one with a dual involvement. On the one manus, the wastes are converted into an agriculturally utile organic fertilizers which in bend have the possible to cut down the dependence on unrenewable chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and, on the other, it controls a pollutan t that is a effect of increasing population, urbanisation and intensive agribusiness ( Kaushik and Garg, 2003 ) . Furthermore, it is imperative to observe that workss, like other living things require nutrient for their growing and development. As such, 16 indispensable elements are required for works growing ; C ( C ) , H ( H ) , and O ( O ) are derived from the ambiance and dirt H2O while the staying 13 elements ( N ( N ) , P ( P ) , K ( K ) , Ca ( Ca ) , Mg ( Mg ) , sulfur ( S ) , Fe ( Fe ) , zinc ( Zn ) , manganese ( Mn ) , Cu ( Cu ) , B ( B ) , molybdenum ( Mo ) , and Cl ( Cl ) ) are supplied either from dirt minerals and dirt organic affair or by organic or inorganic fertilizers ( Silva, 2000 ) . While fertilizers may supply the indispensable foods required for works growing, it is of import to observe that the rampant usage of chemical fertilizers has contributed mostly to the impairment of the environment through the depletion of fossil fuels required for their production, increases in the emanations of C dioxide ( CO2 ) and the taint of H2O resources ( Nagavallemma et al.,2006 ) . However, there now is a turning realisation around the universe that the acceptance of ecological and sustainable agriculture patterns is critical in order to change by reversal the worsening tendency in the planetary productiveness and environmental protection ( Aveyard 1988, Wani and Lee 1992, Wani et al. , 1995 ) . Furthermore, the widespread acceptance of vermicomposting in the epoch of sustainable agriculture has been proven good by legion surveies. As such, there is grounds that organically based alimentary beginnings such as vermicompost may supply an option to man-made fertilizers in order to supply nutrition for workss every bit good as influence their growing and productiveness ( Edwards, 1998 ) . However, spreads in this field of research do still be and therefore there is uninterrupted demand for surveies to find the effects of other vermicomposted organic residues on works growing. More so, a recent survey conducted by Yusuf ( 2009 ) who investigated the potency of Eisen ia fetida to bring forth organic fertilizers from three types of manure obtained from local farms, recommended that farther research should be done to compare the effects of vermicomposts produced to that of an inorganic fertilizer on works growing. With acknowledgment of this possible spread in vermicomposting research, the present survey hence aims to compare the effects of vermicompost derived from works based residues ( including vegetable wastes and the Peels of fruits ) to that of an inorganic fertilizer on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) . 1.2 Proposed Title Vermicomposting: A Sustainable Option for Organic Waste Management in Guyana 1.3 Problem Statement Organic waste poses a serious environmental job globally, and Guyana is no exclusion with the organic fraction of wastes generated on a day-to-day footing being in surplus of 50 per centum ( Brown and Vince, 2001 ) . Management of solid wastes is a major issue in Guyana and waste disposal patterns have non kept gait with the increasing demands posed by population growing and waste coevals ( Zavodska , 2003 ) . As a effect, much of the wastes are frequently discarded into the environment in an indiscriminate mode, therefore doing it hard to take steps against taint. In landfills, organic wastes decompose anaerobically in order to bring forth biogas ( preponderantly methane, a important nursery gas ) every bit good as leachate which contains foods and soluble organic stuffs ( Waste 2020, 2001 ) [ 4 ] . Furthermore, the leachate has the possible to foul groundwater and may besides let go of and call up heavy metals from landfills. Some organic wastes such as sludges and biosolids may besides incorporate heavy metals or alimentary pollutants and uncontrolled disposal of these substances may take to site taint or H2O pollution4. However, the biological procedure of vermicomposting nowadayss a feasible chance to break up and change over the organic fraction of solid wastes into agriculturally utile organic fertilizers utilizing locally available species of angleworms. Furthermore, there is roll uping grounds which indicates that vermicompost may supply the indispensable foods required for works growing. The widespread acceptance of this engineering can function a dual map ; foremost in footings of minimising the sum of organic wastes required for disposal and secondly by recycling these wastes into a valuable merchandise that can be utilized for harvest production, it may cut down the dependence on chemical fertilizers. 1.4 Purpose of Study This research intends to compare the effects of vermicompost derived from works based residues ( including vegetable wastes and the Peels of fruits ) to that of an inorganic fertilizer on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) 1.5 Significance of the Research Given the fact that solid waste direction is a serious environmental issue in Guyana and that the organic fraction of the entire waste that is generated is in surplus of 50 per centum, it is of import to observe that vermicomposting can play a major function by recycling such wastes into environmentally friendly, utile and valuable organic fertilizers which can heighten harvest production. Additionally, research has shown that vermicompost plays a important function in bettering the growing and output of assorted harvests. As such, this research will non merely function to supplement anterior surveies done where Eisenia fetida was used to change over organic residues such as vegetable wastes and manure into organic fertilizers, but it will besides compare the effects of the vermicompst produced from works based residues to that of an inorganic fertilizer on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) . Furthermore, this research will potentially give weight to the statement of vermicomposting as a sustainable engineering for recycling organic wastes which can in bend better the direction of organic solid waste in Guyana. Furthermore, this survey may besides back up and supply a model for future experimental surveies in Guyana utilizing the vermicomposting procedure, and a combination of these consequences could be used to advance and promote the widespread usage of organic fertilizers. 1.6 Research Questions This research seeks to supply replies to the undermentioned inquiries: 1. What are the chemical belongingss ( NPK ) of the vermicompost samples, dirt and inorganic fertilizer? 2. Is works growing affected by the measure of vermicompost applied? 3. What is the mineral food content in Pak Choi works tissues utilizing the assorted fertilizer interventions? 4. Which fertiliser option consequences in best overall works growing? 1.7 Research Aims Specific aims could be derived from the research inquiries and they are as follow: 1. To find the chemical belongingss ( NPK ) of the vermicompost samples, dirt, and inorganic fertilizer ; 2. To find the effects of different measures of vermicompost derived from works based residues on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) ; 3. To find the mineral food content in Pak Choi works tissues ; 4. To find which fertiliser option consequences in best overall works growing. 1.8 Scope of Research Chapter 1: Background of solid waste direction in Guyana, overview of the application of vermicomposting in organic waste direction, background on fertilizers ( inorganic and organic ) , the proposed research rubric, statement of the job, intent of the survey, significance of the survey and eventually research inquiries and aims Chapter 2: This chapter outlines the literature reappraisal which explores, based on specific subjects, similar countries of surveies that lead up to the current research. Chapter 3: This chapter describes the proposed methodological analysis Chapter 4: This chapter outlines how the analysis of the informations collected and findings will be done. Chapter 5: Concludes the survey 2.0 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Growth is defined as the increase in dry mass, volume, length, or country that consequences from the division, enlargement, and distinction of cells ( Lambers, 2008 ) . However, in relation to workss, growing refers to the procedure by which a works increases in the figure and size of foliages and roots ( Rayburn, 1993 ) . Plants, like other living things require energy for proper development and as such, 16 indispensable elements are required for works growing. Each is every bit of import to the works ; yet, each is required in immensely different sums. Carbon ( C ) , H ( H ) , and O ( O ) are derived from the ambiance and dirt H2O while, the staying 13 elements are supplied either from dirt minerals and dirt organic affair or by organic or inorganic fertilizers ( Silva, 2000 ) . A fertilizer as defined loosely by Nielsson ( 1968 ) is any stuff, organic or inorganic, natural or man-made, that is placed on or incorporated into the dirt to provide workss with one or more of the chemic al elements necessary for normal growing. It is of import to observe that the quality of works merchandises can be well affected by works nutrition. Furthermore, the inquiry is frequently asked whether there is any major difference in works quality between workss supplied with organic or inorganic fertilizers. As such, ( Mengel et al. , 2001 ) notes that in organic fertilisers such as farmyard manure, slurries and green manure, most works foods, including K, Mg and phosphate, are present in an inorganic signifier. Other foods, specifically, N and sulfur, are converted to inorganic signifiers by dirt micro-organisms before the soaking up by works roots takes topographic point. Therefore, although workss may be supplied with organic fertilisers, they however take up inorganic foods derived from these organic stuffs ( Mengel et al. , 2001 ) . Inorganic and organic fertilisers do, nevertheless, differ in the handiness of the works foods they contain. Foods in inorganic fertilisers are straight available to works roots, whereas t he foods of organic stuffs and particularly organic N are of low handiness. It should besides be noted that chemical fertilizers are either unfertile or have undistinguished microbiological activity. They are chiefly composed of water-soluble chemical salts and as such organic stuff seldom forms portion of chemical fertilizers [ 5 ] . Once these salts have been depleted from a chemical fertilizer, re-application is required in order to keep the food degrees. However, in the instance of vermicompost, due to the presence of nitrifying and nitrogen repairing bacteriums in the compost, N can be easy fixed from the ambiance and converted to works soluble nitrates. Obviously, the procedure continues every bit long as there is sufficient organic affair ( which is present in vermicompost ) and hence, re-application is non required at the same rate as chemical fertilisers5. Another of import differentiation that must be highlighted is the fact that microbiologically active vermicompost is capable of renewing the foods from the ambiance, organic affair and H2O and therefore replaces those lost from chemical fertilizers by leaching, works consumption and chemical reactions5. With regard to moisture keeping capacity and betterment of dirt construction, chemical fertilizers have an undistinguished consequence, since they chiefly consist of water-soluble salts. Vermicompost, on the other manus, due to the aggregative nature of the worm castings, has appreciable H2O keeping capacity and its usage leads to better dirt structure5. Furthermore, the disadvantage of chemical fertilizers comes in erroneously believing that it will replace for all the benefits of organic stuffs ( Nebel et al. , 2001 ) . In the absence of sufficient debris, dirt beings starve, humus content diminutions, and all the desirable belongingss of the dirt diminution as the top dirt mineralizes. With the dirt s loss of alimentary keeping capacity, applied inorganic fertilizer is prone to merely leach into waterways. Nebel et al. , ( 2001 ) besides emphasizes the point that the instance is non one in which chemical fertilizers do non hold a function to play in heightening harvest production but instead, a acute apprehension of the different functions played by organic stuffs and inorganic foods is required and that each type is used as necessary. This is of import to see since the sole usage of organic stuff may supply deficient sums of one or more foods required to back up works growing. 2.2 Vermicomposting Vermicomposting is a simple biotechnological procedure of composting, in which certain species of angleworms are used to heighten the procedure of waste transition and produce a better terminal merchandise ( Nagavallemma KP et al. , 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Kumar ( 2005 ) , the merchandise is the consequence of organic wastes consumed by angleworms, digested and excreted in the signifier of granules. More so, vermicomposts are finely divided peat-like stuffs with high porousness, aeration, drainage, and water-holding capacity ( Edwards A ; Burrows, 1985 ) . They have a huge surface country, supplying strong absorbability and keeping of foods ( Shi-wei A ; Fu-zhen, 1991 ) and they contain equal measures of NPK and several micronutrients indispensable for works growing. Furthermore, vermicomposting differs from composting in several ways. It is a mesophilic procedure, using micro-organisms and angleworms that are active at 10-32 °C ( non ambient temperature but temperature within the heap of moist organic stuff ) . The procedure is faster than composting ; because the stuff passes through the angleworm s intestine, a important but non yet to the full understood transmutation takes topographic point, whereby the ensuing earthworm castings ( writhe manure ) are rich in microbic activity and works growing regulators, and fortified with pest repellence properties as good ( Gandhi et al. , 1997 ) . These metabolites ( i.e. growing regulators and polyoses ) are strongly responsible for the fertilizing value of dramatis personaes. The polysaccharides nowadays in the dramatis personaes act as a cementing substance, contribute to dirty construction by guaranting a better aeration, H2O keeping, drainage and aerophilic status which are utile for root develop ment and alimentary handiness ( Antonello, 2007 ) . There is grounds that dramatis personaes are able to act upon works metamorphosis, rooting induction and development in controlled environments ( Edwards et al. , 1980 ; Tomati et al. , 1990 ) every bit good as stimulate works growing in unfastened Fieldss. In add-on, Sultan ( 1997 ) indicates that vermicompost has a particular topographic point in agribusiness because of its presence of readily available works foods, growing heightening substances, and a figure of good micro-organisms like N repair, phosphoric solubilising and cellulose break uping beings. Furthermore, Sultan ( 1997 ) suggests that vermicomposting has the possible to recycle organic wastes for which no proper mechanisms are available, or that which the conventional techniques such as incineration may be risky. It should be noted that, by recycling organic wastes in agribusiness brings in the much needed organic and mineral affair to the dirt ( Nag, 2008 ) . Since most reclaimable wastes are organic, they straight add organic affair and the works foods. When the organic input plays a critical function in bettering the physical and biological belongingss of dirt, the alimentary input improves its birthrate, therefore, supplying a favorable environment for works growing. As such, organic wastes recycling leads to an betterment in overall dirt birthrate and productiveness. 2.2.1 The Role of Earthworms in Vermicomposting Earthworms are segmented and bilaterally symmetrical worms, with an external secretory organ ( clitellum ) bring forthing an egg instance ( cocoon ) , a centripetal lobe in forepart of the oral cavity ( prostomium ) , with the anus at the posterior terminal of the animate being organic structure, no limbs but possessing a little figure of bristles ( chaetae ) on each section ( Dominguez and Edwards, 2004 ) . Furthermore, earthworms constitute more than 80 per centum of dirt invertebrates biomass in many ecosystems. Pandey et al. , ( 2008 ) notes that, about 10-15 percent net primary production is channelized through angleworms. Basically, the angleworm acts as an aerator, crusher, sociable, bomber, chemical debaser and biostimulator. This in itself describes the angleworm s function in decomposition. Earthworms are known to assist the dirt in respiration, nutrition, elimination, stabilisation etc. In add-on, these beings help to modulate dirt temperature and therefore excite utile a ctivities of aerophilic micro-organisms ( Pandey et al. , 2008 ) . It should be noted that the nutrient after go throughing through the alimental canal of the angleworm, emerges as a compact concentrated mass termed vermicastings. The angleworm s dramatis personaes contain more micro-organisms, organic affair and inorganic minerals in a signifier that be used by workss. Vermicastings contain excreta, earthworm cocoons and undigested nutrient doing them first-class as organic manure. It is porous and has wet absorbing capacity. It is besides rich in vitamins, antibiotics and enzymes ; upases, cellulases and chitinases. These enzymes continue the decomposition of organic affair after elimination from the worm as dramatis personaes and, these dramatis personaes are besides rich in nitrates, phosphates and potassium hydroxide. It is of import to observe that the ability of some species of angleworms to devour and breakdown a broad scope of organic residues such as sewerage sludge, animate being wastes, harvest residues and industrial garbage is good known ( Edwards et al. , 1985 ; Kaushik and Garg, 2003 ) . Furthermore, different species of angleworms have rather distinguishable life histories and occupy different ecological niches. However, research indicates that the epigaeic species are expected to be the most suited for vermiculture and vermicomposting ( Dominguez and Edwards, 2004 ) . Epigaeic species tend to populate above the mineral dirt surface typically in the litter beds and works dust and provender on them. They are plants of epigaeic species include ; Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrei, Eudrilus eugniae, Perionyx excavatus and Drawida medesta. Additionally, it is of import to observe that Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei are closely related species which are normally used for direction of organic wastes by vermicomposting. They are mobile and omnipresent with a world-wide distribution and many organic wastes become of course colonised by them. Another ground why these two species are prefered in vermicomposting relates to the fact that they both have good temperature tolerance and can populate in organic wastes with a scope of wet contents ( Dominguez and Edwards, 2004 ) . 2.2.2 Recent surveies on Vermicomposting The usage of vermicompost, as a beginning of organic manure in supplementing chemical fertilisers is going popular twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours ( Kumar, 2005 ) . As such, there is roll uping scientific grounds that vermicompost can act upon the growing and productiveness of workss significantly ( Edwards, 1998 ) . The good effects of vermicompost on workss may be due to their physical and chemical belongingss such as atom size, porousness, H2O keeping capacity, air capacity, electrical conduction and pH which are even more of import than the concentration of foods ( Gouin, 1998 ) . Furthermore, a figure of nursery and field surveies have examined the responses of workss to the usage or permutation of vermicompost to dirty or greenhouse container media ( Chan A ; Griffiths 1988 ; Edwards A ; Burrows 1988 ; Wilson A ; Carlile 1989 ; Mba 1996 ; Buckerfield A ; Webster 1998 ) . Most of these surveies have confirmed that vermicomposts, whether used as dirt additives or as co nstituents of horticultural media, improved seed sprouting and enhanced the rates of seedling growing and development. Harmonizing to a survey by Edwards and Burrows ( 1988 ) , cabbages grown in tight blocks from hog waste vermicompost in a nursery and later transplanted to the field were larger and more mature at crop as compared to those grown in a commercial blocking stuff. Furthermore, in a field experiment in which manioc Peel assorted with guava foliages and vermicomposts produced from domestic fowl dungs were applied to field harvests, Mba ( 1983 ) reported higher shoot biomass and increased seed outputs of black-eyed pea. Venkatesh et Al. ( 1997 ) besides reported that outputs of Thompson Seedless grapes were significantly higher when vermicompost was applied and Kumar ( 2005 ) has reported significantly higher outputs when vermicompost was applied to chilis, Citrullus vulgariss and Paddies as compared to farm pace manure. It should besides be noted that organic vermicompost could assist to bring forth extra outputs of harvests to an extent of 30 % more output than normal outputs as indicated by ( Venkataratnam, 1994 ) . Furthermore, Atiyeh et al. , ( 2000 ) have reported the differences in the effects of vermicomposts and composts on marigold and tomato workss. As such, workss were less antiphonal to the composts than vermicomposts. This difference in growing may be due to the cardinal differences between the composting and vermicomposting procedures which use different microbic communities, with composting be givening to ensue in the release of mineral N in the ammonium signifier, where as vermicomposting releases most the N in the nitrate signifier, the signifier readily available for works consumption. Another survey conducted by ( Arouiee, 2009 ) which investigated the effects of different degrees of vermicompost on seed sprouting parametric quantities and the growing of nursery tomato ( Lycopersicun esculentum ) concluded that there were important differences between interventions. The highest seed sprouting rate was in 25 % vermicompost. Tomato seedlings turning in 100 % vermicompost had the lowest sum of chlorophyll, the lowest foliage diameter, lowest dry weight and were the shortest seedlings between all interventions. Furthermore, the application of 50 % vermicompost increased the inter-node figure, root dry weight and nitrogen content of tomato seedlings significantly as compared to the control workss. Besides, the incorporation of 25 % vermicompost increased significantly the shoot dry weight and leaf country of tomato seedlings compared to the control. Similarly, an experiment conducted to find the effects of vermicompost on the growing, output and fruit quality of tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentum volt-ampere. Super Beta ) in a field status by ( Azarmi et al. , 2008 ) revealed that the add-on of vermicompost at a rate of 15 t ha-1 significantly increased growing and output compared to the control. Vermicompost applied at this rate besides increased electrical conduction of fruit juice and per centum of fruit dry affair up to 30 and 24 % , severally. The content of K, P, Fe and Zn in the works tissue increased 55, 73, 32 and 36 % compared to untreated secret plans severally. Furthermore, the consequence of this experiment showed that the add-on of vermicompost had important positive effects on growing, output and elemental content of workss as compared to the control. 2.2.3 Vermicompost and Inorganic Fertilizers It is of import to observe that intensive cropping systems with fertilizer antiphonal harvests that rely on high inputs of inorganic fertilisers frequently lead to unsustainability in production. However, complete dependance on organic beginnings of foods may besides be in equal to achieve the most productiveness. Furthermore, few surveies have compared the effects of vermicompost to that of inorganic fertilizers on the growing of workss. The consequences of these surveies indicate that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers helps to increase harvest productiveness and quality and therefore keep dirt birthrate. As such, ( Ushakumari et al. , 1999 ) have proven that amending dirts with vermicomposts applied at 12 t ha-1 in combination with 100 or 75 % of the recommended application rate of inorganic fertilisers increased outputs of okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus Moench ) significantly. Similarly, ( Athani et al. , 1999 ) have reported that by amending dirts with vermicomposts, at 2kg/plant, together with 75 % of the recommended rate of inorganic fertilisers promoted shoot production of bananas. Additionally, vermicompost applications to field dirts combined with 50 % of the recommended inorganic fertilisers increased the outputs of tomatoes compared to dirts treated with 100 % of the recommended inorganic fertilisers merely ( Kolte et al. , 1999 ) . Anwar et al. , ( 2005 ) besides reported that the combination of vermicompost at 5tha-1 and fertilizer NPK 50:25:25kgha-1 performed the best with regard to growing, herb, dry affair, oil content, and oil output in an experiment conducted with six different combinations of organic manure ( farm pace manure and vermicompost ) and inorganic fertilisers ( NPK ) to analyze their effects on output and oil quality in basil ( Ocimum basilicum L. curriculum vitae. Vikas Sudha ) . Another survey done by Alam et al. , ( 2007 ) besides validated the combined effects of vermicomposts and chemical fertilizers on the growing and output of murphies. The consequences for this experiment revealed that the application of vermicompost at a rate of 10 t ha-1 with 100 % of the recommended NPK fertilizer produced the highest growing and tuber output of murphy. However, the lowest outputs were recorded in the control intervention. 2.2.4 Vermicompost surveies in Guyana It should be noted that vermicomposting, though non a popular engineering has besides gained acknowledgment in Guyana, and surveies conducted over the last five old ages have indicated the potency of vermicompost as an organic fertilizer. As such, Yusuf ( 2009 ) investigated the potency of Eisenia fetida to bring forth organic fertilizers from cow, sheep and lily-livered manure. A similar research was besides done by Sealey Adams ( 2008 ) where an rating of the vermicomposting procedure utilizing filter imperativeness clay, cow and sheep manure was done. The decisions were made that although there was a important difference in the optimal period of vermicomposting between the substrates, there was no important difference in the NPK values when composts were compared. Obviously, a few surveies have besides been done on vermicomposted works based residues in Guyana. Ansari ( 2006 ) showed that, the combination of biodung composting and vermicomposting of grass cuttings, H2O jacinth and cowss droppings could be successfully processed within 60 yearss utilizing Eisenia fetida. Similarly, Sullivan ( 2005 ) conducted an experiment whereby kitchen wastes consisting plantain and taro teguments were converted into vermicompost over a 70 twenty-four hours period. Furthermore, each of these surveies conducted in Guyana utilized the Eisenia fetida species of angleworm in the vermicomposting procedure. 2.2.5 Vermicomposting surveies utilizing plant-based residues Other surveies elsewhere have besides indicated the potency of vermicomposting works based residues. As such, Sukumaran ( 2008 ) investigated the possibility of using vegetable wastes for vermiculture utilizing Megascolex mauritii species of angleworms. The consequences obtained from this survey indicated that the NPK values were maximal in the compost obtained from vegetable waste amended with dirt and cow droppings ( N 1.76, P 1.60 and K 4.98 ) as compared to the other interventions which included the dirt entirely ( control ) ( T1 ) , dirt + cow droppings ( T2 ) , and dirt + vegetable waste ( T3 ) . Furthermore, Suthar ( 2009 ) besides conducted a survey whereby vegetable solid waste amended with wheat straw, cow droppings and biogas slurry was converted in vermicompost. Obviously, vermicomposting resulted in a lessening in organic C ( 12.7-28 % ) and C: N ratio ( 42.4-57.8 % ) , while an addition in entire N ( 50.6-75.8 % ) , available P ( 42.5-110.4 % ) , and exchangeable K ( 36 .0-78.4 % ) contents. Furthermore, the consequences from this survey indicated that vermicomposting can be an efficient engineering to change over undistinguished vegetable-market solid wastes into nutrient-rich biofertilizer if assorted with bulking stuffs in appropriate ratios. 2.3 Features of Pak Choi Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) , is a two-year, though if checked or grown in inauspicious conditions it will run to seed in its first twelvemonth. The classical pak choi is a loose caput of up to a twelve, calendered green foliages with smooth borders. The foliages contrast dramatically with the really white foliage chaffs, which frequently broaden at the base into a characteristic spoon-like form ( Larkcom, 2008 ) . The leaf chaffs vary in length from approximately 7cm to 30 centimeter. Pak choi is besides noted for being a versatile harvest. During the seedling phase, the little, separate foliages are no more than 7.5-10cm/3-4 inches long, with the foliage chaffs undeveloped. This phase can be reached within two hebdomads of seeding in good growth conditions. Furthermore, for the to the full developed workss, standard assortments vary in tallness from 20-23cm/8-9inches to 60cm/2feet. This phase is frequently reached between 5 to 8 hebdomads after seeding ( Larkcom, 2008 ) . There are many signifiers of pak choi, some with really light green foliages and some with really cupped, ‘ladle-shaped foliages. The foliage chaffs besides vary tremendously. Assortments of pak choi scope in size from big, really robust workss 60cm/24inches or taller to the absolutely formed illumination or knee bend pak chois merely 8-10cm/3-4 inches tall ( Larkcom, 2008 ) . Large workss can weigh over 2kg/4lbs with really small wastage. On the whole, the younger the workss the more stamp they are. The Chinese white battalion choi is a hardy looking type, with light to dark green, reasonably thick foliages, frequently curving outwards. The leaf chaffs are really white, broad, slightly short and by and large level, sometimes overlapping at the base of the works. Plants tend to be of medium size, around 30cm/12inches high. In add-on, most pak chois are comparatively cool-season harvests, with the ideal temperature during growing being 15-200C. With respects to the dirt type for this harvest, it should be noted that pak choi has a comparatively shallow, finely branched root system, so it must be grown in fertile, wet recollective dirt. Lack of wet at any phase during growing frequently leads to premature bolting and hapless quality workss. Furthermore, seedling pak chois and little immature workss can be grown satisfactorily in containers and sown at a deepness of 1/4 ? inches deep. Additionally, it is of import to observe that pak choi is a heavy feeder, therefore it should be fertilized with composted manure or a balanced fertiliser four hebdomads after puting out grafts ( NGB, 2010 ) . In footings of harvest home, it is of import to observe that pak choi should ever be picked when the foliages and leaf chaffs look fresh and chip. It can either be harvested a few foliages at a clip, by picking the outer leaves when they reach a utile size, or by cutting a whole caput 1.5-2cm above land degree ( Larkcom, 2008 ) . 3.0 Chapter 3: Methodology In order to accomplish the research objectives, an experiment will be conducted. An experiment is a method of research in which the research worker intentionally intervenes in order to present alterations into a state of affairs, with the purpose of detecting the effects of those alterations on the procedure being studied ( Dyer, 1995 ) . Whereas the research worker who uses the descriptive method makes observations under natural conditions, an research worker utilizing an experimental attack manipulates the state of affairs in some manner in order to prove the hypothesis that has been made. A controlled state of affairs is set up ; that is, certain factors, or variables, are held changeless, an independent variable is manipulated, and the consequences are evaluated and compared with the consequences obtained in the controlled group ( Notter et al. , 1999 ) . 3.1 To find the chemical belongingss ( N, P, K ) of the vermicompost samples, dirt, and inorganic fertilizer To accomplish this aim, samples will be taken to GuySuCo Laboratory for analysis. In order to obtain the vermicompost samples, an experiment will be done utilizing Eisenia fetida angleworms to break up works based residues ( including vegetable wastes and the Peels of fruits ) . 3.1.1 To carry on the Vermicomposting Experiment The site for the experiment will be at the Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus. Both the worms and cow manure required will be provided by Saints Stanislaus College Farm while the works residues ( including vegetable wastes and the Peels of fruits ) will be obtained from market sites. 3.1.2 Bed Construction * The armored combat vehicle system will be used for this experiment. The site presently has three ( 3 ) vermiculture armored combat vehicles of dimensions 1.9 m ( length ) , 1.5 m ( breadth ) and 1 m ( deepness ) constructed from concrete of which two ( 2 ) will be used for this experiment ; * In one of the armored combat vehicles, a bottom bed of crushed rocks ( 4 centimeter ) will be added followed by a bed of white sand ( 4 centimeter ) and loam dirt ( 4 centimeter ) . These beds will so be moistened but non wholly soaked ; * A bed of works based residues will so be placed over the foundation followed by cow droppings. This will be repeated until the tallness reaches 50 centimeter ; * 100 of the Eisenia fetida species of angleworms will be released into the armored combat vehicle. The unit will so be sprinkled with H2O to maintain the contents moist so that the angleworms would hold a suited home ground to populate and multiply ; * The armored combat vehicle will be covered with a polythene sheet so as to forestall gnawers and birds from assailing the angleworms every bit good as to except light since angleworms prefer darkness. 3.1.3 Biodung Precomposting and Vermicomposting  · A 2nd armored combat vehicle of similar dimensions will be used for the biodung precomposting procedure. 200kg of fresh works based residues and 40kg of cow droppings will be used to fix the precompost ;  · The works based residues will be deposited in beds, with cow droppings slurry being soaked after each bed. After making a tallness of 3 pess, the pile will be soaked with a significant measure of cow droppings slurry and covered with a polythene sheet ;  · The biodung precompost will be watered and turned every 10 ( 10 ) yearss. This procedure will last for 30 ( 30 ) yearss and temperature readings will be recorded every five ( 5 ) yearss ;  · At the terminal of 30 ( 30 ) yearss the precompost will be harvested and weighed observing the transition rate. The broken down waste will so be subjected to the action of angleworms.  · The biodung precompost will so be transferred into the first armored combat vehicle in which the angleworms will farther degrade the waste and bring forth vermicompost over a period of 60 yearss ;  · The vermibed will be moistened every three ( 3 ) yearss by scattering H2O over it. Temperature readings will besides be recorded during the vermicomposting procedure. 3.1.4 Reaping the Compost  · At the terminal of 60 ( 60 ) yearss the vermicompost will be carefully harvested so as to take merely the compost and non the dirt in the armored combat vehicle. All angleworms will be returned to the armored combat vehicle ;  · The vermicompost will so be weighed and spread on to a polythene sheet and air dried for two ( 2 ) yearss ;  · The compost will so be sifted and packaged in nothing lock bags and stored in a cool dark topographic point ;  · Samples will be later taken to GuySuCo Laboratory to undergo NPK proving and used for turning pak choi. 3.2 To accomplish Research Objectives 2, 3 and 4 In order to accomplish research aims 2, 3 and 4, a works growing experiment will be conducted at the National Agricultural Research Institute ( NARI ) , Mon Repos, East Coast Demerara. 3.2.1 Hypothesis Hnull: Vermicompost does non hold an consequence on the comparative growing of Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) Alternate hypothesis: Vermicompost has an consequence on the comparative growing of Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) 3.2.2 Conducting the Plant Growth Experiment Datas from the vermicompost analysis will supply the footing for finding the elemental content per gm of vermicompost to steer the measure of vermicompost added to each works pot relation to the control pots which will have no fertilizer application and to the commercial fertilizer intervention. Pak Choi seeds and a recommended inorganic fertilizer will be purchased. 3.2.3 Sowing of Seeds * One hundred and eighty ( 180 ) seeds will be sown in works pots, three ( 3 ) seeds per pot and allowed to shoot in the nursery located in the works babys room at the ( NARI ) and seedlings will be watered on a day-to-day footing ; * The dirt will be obtained from the dirt storage in the works babys room at the ( NARI ) ; * After the first two foliages of each seedling have emerged, 60 ( 60 ) seedlings will be transplanted to single pots and placed in several groups ( control intervention, vermicompost intervention, combination intervention and inorganic fertilizer intervention ) each with 10 reproductions. * Furthermore, baseline informations such as the mean leaf country, works highs, leaf Numberss and dry and wet weights of these workss will be recorded. This information will be used to cipher the comparative growing rate, leaf country ratio and net assimilation rate of the interventions at the terminal of the experiment. 3.2.4 Using the Fertilizers * The experiment will consist four ( 4 ) interventions ; ten ( 10 ) control pots ( T1 ) with ordinary garden loam dirt, 10 ( 10 ) commercial fertilizer + loam dirt pots ( T2 ) with a fixed sum added to reflect closely the tantamount alimentary content of the vermicompost, three ( 3 ) degrees of vermicompost pots ( T3 ) ( L1, L2 and L3 ) with 10 ( 10 ) reproductions each and ten ( 10 ) combination interventions ( T4 ) dwelling of vermicompost + inorganic fertilizer in a recommended ratio. * Treatments will get down after the seedlings would hold reached an averaged tallness of 3 inches ; * Treatments will happen one time hebdomadal and measurings of works highs, leaf country and foliage Numberss will be recorded observing the mean figure of foliages, leaf country and highs for each corresponding intervention ; * At the terminal of the experiment, works samples will be harvested from each intervention, weighed ( works moisture and dry weights ) utilizing the oven and graduated table provided by the Biology Department, concluding foliage countries will be determined and dirt and tissue samples will be tested for alimentary contents ( N, P, K, Mg and Ca ) at GuySuCo Laboratory. 4.0 Chapter 4: Analysis OF DATA COLLECTED4.1 Datas collected from the elemental analysis for the samples ; vermicompost, dirt and inorganic fertilizer ( to accomplish Research Objective 1 ) Using the values for NPK obtained from the elemental analysis of the samples, line and saloon graphs will be generated utilizing the computing machine package Microsoft Excel 2007. This will let the research worker to hold a ocular representation of the consequences and therefore change over the information into a format that can be easy read, interpreted and explained. The graphs produced will demo a comparing of the NPK values obtained for each sample. 4.2 Datas collected from the works growing experiment ( to accomplish Research Objectives 2-4 ) Using the values obtained over the full experimental period for the mean figure of foliages and highs per works for each intervention, the research worker will input this information into the Microsoft Excel 2007 package in order to bring forth graphical representations that will demo which intervention resulted in the greatest addition in works highs and figure of foliages on norm. Furthermore, utilizing the values obtained for the moisture and dry weights of the works samples at the terminal of the experiment, the research worker will measure the Relative Growth Rate ( RGR ) of the workss in each intervention in order to infer the consequence of the assorted interventions ( control, vermicompost, combination and inorganic fertilizer ) on works growing. The expression that will be used for this analysis is: And t re the agencies of the natural logarithm-transformed works weights and t2 and t1 represent the concluding and initial times severally. Furthermore, graphs will besides be generated in order to demo the comparings of the ( RGR ) for weight of the works species and the consequences from the dirt and tissue analysis. After ciphering the ( RGR ) for the different interventions, t-test will be used to find whether or non the differences in RGR of the workss in the assorted interventions were statistically important utilizing a significance degree of 0.05. When the significance degree is set at 0.05, any trial resulting in a p-value under 0.05 would be important. Therefore, the research worker would reject the void hypothesis in favour of the alternate hypothesis. In add-on to ciphering the RGR, the research worker will besides cipher the Leaf Area Ratio ( LAR ) and Net Assimilation Rate ( NAR ) for each intervention. The ( LAR ) is an indicant of the efficiency of a given leaf country to bring forth a given works size and the undermentioned expression will be used to cipher LAR: Leaf Area Ratio ( LAR ) Over any clip LAR = foliage area2 foliage area1 = LA2 -LA1 interval works dry weight2 works dry weight1 W2 W1 ; Unit of measurements = cm2 g-1 or cm2/g The net assimilation rate ( NAR ) , which is besides called unit foliage rate, is a step of the addition in works weight per unit of leaf country ( or weight ) , per unit clip. It is a step of the efficiency of production. The expression that will be used to cipher the NAR is: Net Assimilation Rate ( NAR ) NAR = RGR = 1  · RGR LAR LAR = 1  · ln W2 ln W1 LA2 LA1 t2 t1 W2 W1 = W2 W1  · ln W2 ln W1 ; units = g cm-2 day-1 or g/cm2/day LA2 LA1t2 t1 Finally, based on the consequences obtained from these computations, the research worker will be able to find which intervention would hold resulted in the best overall works growing. 5.0 Chapter 5: Decision This research is intended to compare the effects of vermicompost derived from works based residues ( including vegetable wastes and the Peels of fruits ) to that of an inorganic fertilizer on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) . Furthermore, this survey will take the signifier of an experimental attack and the research worker intends to supply replies to the undermentioned inquiries: What are the chemical belongingss ( NPK ) of the vermicompost samples, dirt and inorganic fertilizer? ; Is works growing affected by the measure of vermicompost applied? ; What is the mineral food content in Pak Choi works tissues utilizing the assorted fertilizer interventions? ; and Which fertiliser option consequences in best overall works growing? In add-on, specific aims that were derived from the research inquiries include: to find the chemical belongingss ( NPK ) of the vermicompost samples, dirt, and inorganic fertilizer ; to find the effects of different measures of vermicompost derived from works based residues on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) ; to find the mineral food content in Pak Choi works tissues and to find which fertiliser option consequences in best overall works growing. 5.1 PROPOSED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Agarwal S.K. , ( 2005 ) Wealth from Waste ; APH Publishing 2. Alam M.N. , M.S. Jahan, M.K. Ali, M. A. Ashraf and M.K. Islam, ( 2007 ) ; Effect of Vermicompost and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Potato in Barind Soils of Bangladesh, Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3 ( 12 ) : 1879-1888 3. Antonello D. Stephanie, ( 2007 ) ; Frontiers in Ecology Research, Nova Publishers 4. Anwar, M. , Patra, D. D. , Chand, S. , Alpesh, K. , Naqvi, A. A. 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