Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Drugs in a Workplace
Drugs in a Workplace Free Online Research Papers In recent years Illicit drug use has become more prevalent in the workplace. Consequently, many employers began administering random drug tests to ensure the full performance and efficiency of their employees. While an employer has the right to ensure that his staff are fulfilling their contractual agreements and maximizing potential revenue for the firm, the established drug testing programs that are currently in use are subject to numerous flaws. Primarily, these tests are both inaccurate and ambiguous and as such they are ineffective at preventing workplace drug abuse. Secondly, the invasive nature of these tests lowers employee morale, which in turn leads to lower performance. Thirdly, these tests require the submission of personal fluids and may reveal other personal information that is not relevant to the scope of the job. Furthermore, the use of these tests is a clear violation of an employeeââ¬â¢s personal autonomy. Consequently, due to the aforementioned issues, I strongly believe that the current method of drug testing in the work place does not hold sufficient stance in order to justify the invasion of employee privacy rights. Furthermore, I believe that more effective means are available and should be adopted by employers who are seeking to identify drug users in their workplace. The central flaw of workplace drug tests is their ambiguity and likelihood of error. Specifically, most workplace drug tests use urine analysis to determine whether the individual in question is guilty of illicit drug abuse. However, statistical data shows that tests using urine samples are subject to over 30% rate of error , and are therefore an inappropriate method of testing. Furthermore, urine sample drug tests detect any traces of drugs that are present in the individualââ¬â¢s body at the time of testing, even though these drugs may no longer be active. Additionally, there are currently 250 medications that could cause a false positive, these include such drugs as Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, and Midol . Furthermore, the test ambiguity results from the fact that the tests do not specify whether the drugs were taken during work hours or whether they were used on the employeeââ¬â¢s leisurely time and are therefore a violations of privacy. Lastly, urine analysis tests are time inef ficient as any positive results must undergo a second review before they could be remitted as legitimate . Thus, while the central purpose of drug testing is to prevent any potential injuries within the workplace, the length of time that it takes for these testsââ¬â¢ results to come in leaves plenty of opportunity for potential harms and injuries to occur. Consequently, it is apparent that due to their rate of error, lack of precision with regards to the time of abuse, and a lengthy processing period urine sample drugs tests are ambiguous and ineffective and as such should no longer be administered by employers. The detrimental effects that drugs tests have on employee morale is the second reason why employers should immediately cease their implementation. According to the article ââ¬Å"Drug Testing and the Right Privacy: Arguing the Ethics of Workplace Drug testingâ⬠by Michael Cranford, drug tests are not only a good means of detecting poor employee performance, but also they enable employers to identify and resolve any drug abuse that is taking place within their workplace . However, in spite of these testsââ¬â¢ ability to identify workplace drug abusers they are highly detrimental as they may foster lower work performance and decrease employee morale. Specifically, seeing as these tests are highly invasive and require the submission of personal body fluids under the supervision of an observer they cause many employees to feel violated and mistrusted . Furthermore, according to Joseph Desjardins and Ronald Duska, authors of ââ¬Å"Drug testing in Employmentâ⬠, the random ad ministration of drug tests to all employees is not only unjustifiable but can also constitute a grave violation of oneââ¬â¢s privacy. Conversely, while administering the drugs to all employees may seem unreasonable, targeting specific workers should also be prohibited as the selected individuals will feel discriminated against and their personal rights will be infringed upon. Consequently, it is apparent that the arbitrary administration of drug tests either to all employees or to specifically selected workers is not justifiable. Furthermore, not only are these tests not effective at maintaining high employee performance they result in lower employee morale and in a decreased work quality. A third downfall to urine sample drug tests is that they not only reveal any potential illicit substances present in oneââ¬â¢s system, but they also detect additional medical information such as pregnancy . Such content may be personal to the employee and should not be disclosed to their employer. According to Desardins and Duska, ââ¬Å" an employeeââ¬â¢s right to privacy is violated whenever personal information is requested, collected, and/or used by an employer in a way or for any purpose that is irrelevant to or in violation of the contractual relationship that exists between the employer and employeeâ⬠. Desardins and Duska further argued that ââ¬Å" Since drug testing is a means for obtaining information, the information sought must be relevant to the contract in order for the drug testing to not violate privacyâ⬠. However, seeing as these tests not only specify drug abuse that takes place during work hours, but also reveal any illicit substances used during an employeeââ¬â¢s leisurely time they may constitute a violation of oneââ¬â¢s privacy. Furthermore, not only do urinary samples fail to specify the time of the illicit abuse, they also reveal additional private information such as pregnancy and the intake of prescribed medication. To conclude, the current method used for the detection of drugs is a violation of privacy as it reveals extraneous personal information about an employee that is not relevant to their work. Lastly, the forceful administration of mandatory drug testing fails to preserve an individualsââ¬â¢ right to autonomy. According to Diana Zorn, ââ¬Å"to respect anotherââ¬â¢s autonomy is to treat them as individuals having the abilities required to be rational decision makers capable of identifying their own interests and making their own choices about the best means to advanceâ⬠. However, by prohibiting the subject employees the ability to refuse the test with out negative re-precaution, employers are assuming that people are irrational human beings who in fact are not capable making their own decisions. Furthermore, Information privacy is violated when a person losses control over information that is rightfully personal . Seeing that urine tests reveal leisurely drug use, and other personal conditions, thereby causing the employee to lose control over personal information, and thus taking away onesââ¬â¢ autonomy. Conversely, it could be argued that autonomy has its limitations one of which being the harm principle. According to the harm principle if the preservation of a personal autonomy may lead to potential harm, it is justifiable to not honor such autonomy . However, due the fact that the current method of drug testing requires ample time for processing, such test is unable to prevent a large portion of harms, thereby annulling the harm principle. To conclude, a thorough analysis of the moral issues involved in the administration of mandatory drug testing in the workplace reveals that such tests are unethical and as such their practice should be ceased. Presently, the majority of drug tests implemented by employers are highly ambiguous and erroneous as they carry a high error rate and are enable to specify the time of the drug use. Furthermore, the primary purpose of these tests is to prevent future injuries in the work place and maintain high employee performance both of which the test fail to accomplish. Lastly, arbitrary urine sample drug tests constitute a grave infringement on employeesââ¬â¢ privacy and constitutional rights and as such they should be deemed both unethical and illegal. Above all else, this method of drug testing fails to preserve an employees sense of autonomy. Given the numerous downfalls that urine sample drug tests carry I conclude that they are highly unethical and should no longer be administered by employers. Instead, workplaces nationwide would be well advised to adopt more effective and less invasive means of drug abuse surveillance by adopting computer based programs, such as the Bowles-Langley Computer Based Drug Testing , and carefully monitoring their staff. Research Papers on Drugs in a WorkplaceMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationResearch Process Part OneUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalTwilight of the UAWGenetic Engineering
Friday, November 22, 2019
Converting Cubic Inches to Liters
Converting Cubic Inches to Liters This example problem demonstrates how to convert cubic inches to liters, using the real-life scenario of engine displacement, which is the combined swept displacement of all of the machines pistons in their cylinders. When someone describes the power of a car, that person might say that it has a 3.3-liter engine or some such example. Problem Many small car engines have an engine displacement of 151 cubic inches. What is this volume in liters? Working the Solution 1 inch 2.54 centimeters First, convert the measurements to cubic measurements. (1 inch)3 (2.54 cm)3 1 in3 16.387 cm3 Second, convert to cubic centimeters. Set up the conversion so that the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want cubic centimeters to be the remaining unit. volume in cm3 (volume in in3) x (16.387 cm3/1 in3) volume in cm3 (151 x 16.387) cm3 volume in cm3 2,474.45 cm3 Third, convert to liters. 1 L 1,000 cm3 Set up the conversion so that the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want liters to be the remaining unit. volume in L (volume in cm3) x (1 L/1,000 cm3) volume in L (2,474.45/1,000) L volume in L 2.474 L Answer A 151ââ¬âcubic inch engine displaces 2.474 liters of space (or air).
Thursday, November 21, 2019
CIM - Task 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
CIM - Task 5 - Essay Example After analyzing the positive factors, the firms should also analyze the challenges that may impede its entry through optimal marketing mix. So, this report will analyze how the non-profit organisation, London Childrenââ¬â¢s Connection (LCC) can capitalise on the existing opportunities in India by entering it, with the aid of effective marketing strategies. London Childrenââ¬â¢s Connection (LCC) is a London based non-profit organization, which focuses on child care and their education, from infancy till their school age. ââ¬Å"We provide high quality child care programs and related services that encompass the care, education and guidance of children, from infancy to school age.â⬠(lcc.on.ca). The main customer base are the working parents, who are offered a variety of services. ââ¬Å"home-based child care, centre-based child care, school-based care, and before and after school careâ⬠(lcc.on.ca). So, LCC positively supports the parents and importantly the children, by providing them safe and quality care as well as good basic education. LCC operates in London and the surrounding areas, but opportunities for it exist in other parts of the world as well. That is, the already successful LCC could be optimally utilized, if it concentrates on Third World countries like India. When it decides to enter the prospective country like India, it has to analyze few aspects. Although, nowadays India is developing economically, many people are still living below the poverty line. Among this proportion of downtrodden people, children are the main sufferers. In India, children living under the poverty line, orphans and also street children are all living in hazardous, vulnerable and unfavourable situations. That is, they live without proper parental care and without any basic education. ââ¬Å"Nearly one-fourth of Indias population is below the poverty line. India accounts for more than 20 percent of the worlds out-of-school children. There are about 84 million orphaned and
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Trade Mark Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words
Trade Mark - Case Study Example Second life. This scenario discusses whether the following trademark owned by Georgio currently registered as a Class 15 trademark for the past decade can be protected from infringement and potentially "passing off" by Donald and Bernard and /or Trade Mark Infringement under section 10 of the Trade Marks Act 1994. It is stated in the question that Georgio has traded under this trademark as world renowned producer of the finest musical instruments in the world and is currently a favourite brand with the high and mighty of tinsel town and it is also stated that his trademark is used to convey luxury. Therefore the question has been divided into two scenarios: A&B. I have been asked to advise Georgio as to the likelihood of the actions of Barnard being construed under the law as trademark infringement as he has launched an advertising campaign on billboards aiming to sell expensive chocolate by depicting a 'Georgio' piano dripping with liquid chocolate and in which the logo is clearly visible.The Question would also like me to consider the legalities of such a scenario in the virtual world like second life. In this part of the question I have been ... The theoretical premise of Property rights and trademarks An understanding of the philosophical premises behind Property rights are necessary in the understanding of the tug of war between the owners and the users of intangible information.1 Legal Commentators have often expressed their doubts as to whether these rights are actually rights or privileges as Machlup and Penrose have noted:2 " ... those who started to use the word property in connection with inventions had a very definite purpose in mind they wanted to substitute a word with a respectable connotation, 'property', for a word that had an unpleasant ring, 'privilege'." Intellectual property as a "property" thus is an intangible category of property with boundaries that are not always clear cut and which must be actively defended by the holder against infringements. 3 Tangible property is however visible and documented, and the boundaries are more easily given than for intellectual property.4The law has developed to protect a person who holds certain intellectual property will be able to defend this property only if he/she is granted a particular right over this property. For example in relation to patents the rights are defined by the patent authorities based on what is defined in the patent claims.Like other property (tangible) one has to pay certain fees in order to have their "intellectual" property claim examined and determined and also of continuance fees paid.5 The concept of property rights thus stems from the ideas of John Locke.6Furthermore the notions of property rights developed in the 18th century as one of the core civil rights parallel to-and mutually reinforcing-the right to liberty.7However, most
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Higher education Essay Example for Free
Higher education Essay Ancient philosopher Confucius, who was considered the first professional teacher in China, opened an old-style private school in his hometown. The school enrolled more 3,000 students, and those students just paid a symbolic tuition fee as some crops and meat. The old-style private school has been followed for more than 2000 years. Therefore, the simplest and best way to disseminate knowledge is free education. China had a nine yearsââ¬â¢ compulsory education but it is not advance with the times now. China should extend years for the compulsory education that free education to senior high school students. With high school free education, students will have equal opportunities to be educated, focus on learning and improving, and improve the standard of living. Letââ¬â¢s look at those benefits of high school free education. Provide equal opportunities Free education of senior high school can also provide equal opportunities as the normal kid to the poor. In the past time, only wealthy people had chance to receive education, but some poor people could not. Now, everyone has right to get knowledge. Free education is a key to open the doors of hope for some smart and poor teenagers. They can have the equal opportunity as the riches to be educated. In the article, ââ¬Å"Free education provides equal opportunitiesâ⬠reported that the government of China had released a newly plan of education that providing equal opportunities in education. The government will expend more power to resolve ingrained problems as extend free education. In many Chinese parentsââ¬â¢ mind, if their children have a good and equal beginning in education, it will have a lot of means and benefits for a childââ¬â¢s future (Zhang Jingya, 2010). We can assure that some intelligent and poor students can gain the equal chances through free education. Free education provides some advantages to those people who deserve it and cherish it. In todayââ¬â¢ society, everybody wants to have a brighter future, so it is not humanized to lose the better future because of the economic problem. Everyone has the chance to have a comfortable life and the only way to make it come true is to have enough knowledge. If the society can provide an equal chance for the teen that do not have the condition to be educated, they will offer society a better tomorrow. Focus on learning and Improving Free education of senior high school will help the teenagers focus on learning and improving. China promulgated the law on compulsory education in 1986. The government should provide a nine years compulsory education that school should be free of tuition fees and other expenses for all young people. If China extends years for the compulsory education to high school students, it will help some students without worry about the payment of tuition fees and other expenses. They should focus on learning and receiving more knowledge. For example, in the article ââ¬Å"China pledges elimination of rural compulsory education charges in two yearsâ⬠, author says that in some places that particularly in the impoverished rural regions, the law of compulsory education didnââ¬â¢t executed because local government couldnââ¬â¢t cost. Many schools are forcing for continue to collect expenses and charge various miscellaneous fees on their students as voluntary donations, fund-raising for school construction, and after-school tutoring fees (March 5, 2006). Free high school education will help students to pay more attention to learning not the economic hardship of their family. Furthermore, teenagers in senior high school age are about the puberty. That means they are not mature enough in their body and mind. They canââ¬â¢t distinguish the right or wrong in a very advisable way like the adult. As the reason of that, if they give up attending high school because of the economic problem and entering society too early they may lose their way. It is so easy that they make a mistake which will influence their entire life, like involved in a crime. The free education of high school can change this situation. It is better to keep the teenagers in school so they can learn more knowledge and mature their outlook on life. Improve the standard of living Free education of senior high school can improve the standard of living. Francis Bacon said ââ¬Å"Knowledge is Powerâ⬠. This kind of power should make peopleââ¬â¢s life more wonderful and colorful because knowledge can produce many things. Free high school education would help more people have higher education. In the article, ââ¬Å"Knowledge Changes Fateâ⬠, the author said that knowledge becomes the most significant content of humanââ¬â¢s life. It contributes a lot in the economic, welfare and culture of the society. The foundation that supports the movie ââ¬Å"Knowledge Changes Fateâ⬠wants to express the theme that the only way to change your fate is to be educated and get more knowledge (Li kasheng, 1999). When people are high educated, they would have more chances to achieve their dreams and plans. Obviously, higher education can help people to win the fierce competition and earns more money. They can live the life better by being successful. When people have higher education, people will think about to improve their personal cultivation after eliminate the struggle for basic needs. As they feel satisfied about their own life, they will do some society works and volunteering and concern more issues which like the society problems and environment problems. Therefore, more free education would have positive and upward influences for the overall quality and minding in the society. Conclusion As all of the content of the essay states, free education of senior high school can advantage our society by many different ways. It can provide an equal opportunity to the teen that cannot bear the cost of education, help the teen to focus on learning and improving, and improve the whole living standard of the society. Although China is a powerful and prosperous country today, our education system still has many leaks need to improve and the most urgent is the free education. If the expectation of free education comes true, China will step in a brand new future. The ancient philosopher Confucius enrolled almost 3000 students and he only charged the tuition fee of some crops and meat as the free education. How the ancient can do this kind of free education, but we cannot? The knowledge is invaluable because it help people to change their whole life. On another hand, senior high school education should be free in China. References China pledges elimination of rural compulsory education charges in two years. (2006). Retrieved March 5, 2006, from http://english. peopledaily. com. cn/200603/05/print20060305_248042. html Jingya, Z. (2010). Free education provides equal opportunities. Retrieved August 6, 2010, from http://english. cntv. cn/program/china24/20100806/100804. shtml Kashing, L. (1999). Knowledge changes fate. Retrieved from http://www. lksf. org/en/project/education/knowledge/main01.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
The Form of Non-Traditional Blazon Essay -- Shakespearean Literature
In the sixteenth century, poems in blazon format were very popular. Blazon is a technique that ââ¬Å"described the position and relation of one picture to anotherâ⬠. (The Overview of ââ¬Å"Sonnet 130â⬠, Woolway). This technique was to illustrate the main features of the subject, usually a female body. Popular blazon would start from the bottom to the top of the body. For example, like hair, eyes, lips, breasts, and so on. Occasionally, it would start from the bottom to top, starting with feet, legs and so on. Woolway points, ââ¬Å"This form was well suited to the style of courtly love poetry that was flourishing at the time, as it allowed writers to project an idea of an idealized and distant woman whose features they could admire from afarâ⬠(The Overview of ââ¬Å"Sonnet 130â⬠). From the beginning, readers could easily define the subject Shakespeare portrays. The Mistress was detailed in humorous tone, which negates the typical blazon. The striking first four lines of the poem contradict the common blazon. Traditionally, blazon is to compliment and praise the subjectââ¬â¢s features, and not to insult, which in this case, the Mistress. However, Shakespeare does not ignore the format and goes forth describing her from head to toe. Shakespeare started the first four lines picturing the Mistressââ¬â¢ eyes, lips, breast and hair. Symbolically, eyes, lips breast and hair are essential clichà © features of a female beauty. Nevertheless, from his intense sketch of her features, he portrayed that she does not carry any representation of beauty. From the simile in line one; Shakespeare negates the comparison of the Mistress to the sun: ââ¬Å"My Mistressââ¬â¢ eyes are nothing like the sun;â⬠(Woolway). Line two to three mentions the shades like red cor al, and ââ¬Å"dunâ⬠. Coral is a fami... ...simile and metaphor brought enriching imagery to the readers. The poem was written with insults and mockery, but with the unexpected flattery showed the authorââ¬â¢s love for the Mistress and his poetic practices of love through volta. Works Cited Napierkowski, Marie Rose. ââ¬Å"Overview: ââ¬ËSonnet 130.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ Poetry for Students 1 (1998): n. pag. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. Shakespeare, William. ââ¬Å"Sonnet 130.â⬠Literature: A Portable Anthology. Boston: Bedford/St. Martinââ¬â¢s, 2009. 467. Print. ââ¬Å"Volta.â⬠Merriam Websterââ¬â¢s Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 1995. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. . Woolway, Joanne. ââ¬Å"An overview of ââ¬Å"Sonnet 130â⬠.â⬠Poetry for Students: n. pag. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 23 Mar. 2012.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
ââ¬ÅHow Far Is Play Key in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead?ââ¬Â
In the play ââ¬Å"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Deadâ⬠, the writer Tom Stoppard reveals to the reader the importance of ââ¬Å"playâ⬠in his play and how it helps develop the plot and the characters of his literary work. Stoppard uses witty language, and satirical humour to help highlight the importance of numerous types play to the reader. Stoppard uses play as a main theme throughout his play as commentary on how play has many different interpretations, thus he uses his play as an impetus to explore this theme and allow the reader and the audience to gain a better understanding. Read this ââ¬Å"The Secrets of Haitiââ¬â¢s Living Deadâ⬠One of the most prominent forms of play that is evident in the exposition of the play is how Stoppard plays around with the expectations of the audience as well as having both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern both tease the audience as part of their act. Stoppard begins the play with both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern already in action as if we as the audience have come ââ¬Å"late to the actionâ⬠by beginning the play with what seems to the audience as a non-sequiturs conversation ââ¬Å"â⬠¦Headsâ⬠¦ There is an art to the building up of suspense. Through this we as the reader are able to see how Stoppard is deliberately beginning his play in an unorthodox manner which would surprise the audience who would be hoping to follow the plot of the play from the beginning. By doing this, Stoppard is able to create an effect on both the reader as we are able to infer the audienceââ¬â¢s expectation which have probably been diminished but nevertheless intrigued. As a reader we are a lso curious to know how long Stoppard will uphold this dramatic tension and leave both the reader and audience uneasy. Once we as the reader become aware of the fact that Stoppardââ¬â¢s play in not a conventional play that meets our expectations or the audience, we become subject to Stoppardââ¬â¢s world of plays awaiting anything that may come our way. In the exposition of the play, we see how the play begins with Rosencrantz flipping a coin continuously as Guildenstern tries to figure out how the coin only seems to flipping ââ¬Å"headsâ⬠, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦. Headsâ⬠¦ The law of probability, it has been oddly asserted, is something to do with the proposition that if six monkeysâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ Here Stoppard is able to highlight the important motif of coins and to a certain extent gambling through Rosencrantz playing with the coin. One could infer that through this coin play; Stoppard is simply trying to assert the attention of the audience by having them wait in suspense for something to happen. On the other hand, Stoppard also uses Rosencrantz game to highlight the fact that even from the very beginning of the play; his characters have no direction or purpose as to what they are meant to be doing on stage. This leaves us as the reader and the audience included feeling bemused by Stoppardââ¬â¢s play and wondering whether there are any conventional elements to Stoppardââ¬â¢s play. Furthermore, Stoppard is able to continue to build on the theme of play, by exposing the reader and the audience; through his manipulation of language and word play, to other characters in the play and how they help develop the plot of the play. During Act One, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern meet a band of Tragedians whose leader is the mysterious and crafty Player. Once the two parties begin to engage in conversation it becomes obvious that the play begins to make sexual references and similarities to the world of acting and prostitution. Naturally, both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are intrigued by his offer and try to delve deeper into what the Player is offering ââ¬Å"Youââ¬â¢re not ââ¬â ah ââ¬â exclusively players, then? â⬠, ââ¬Å"Weââ¬â¢re inclusively players, sir. â⬠Through Stoppardââ¬â¢s use of double entendres in the language, we are able to see how he plays at the sexual innuendos of the Player through the implications of the meaning ââ¬Å"inclusivelyâ⬠to show how the word intimates intimacy and an element of risque endeavors. By doing this Stoppard is able make a satirical comment about the similarities in the nature of acting and prostitution and how they both perform for money, though they differ on the nature of their performances. Through this we as the audience are able to see how Stoppard is able to add humour to the play through his word play and sexual innuendos, allowing the reader and the audience to enjoy the play despite the fact it may appear to be quite absurd. Lending weight to the above notion, Stoppard is able to show the importance of play through the character of the Player, who is able to toil around with both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and helps them come to the realization that they are actors and that they have a purpose. The player is able to do this by playing around with the minds of both the protagonists, firstly through his sexual innuendos as explored above and through the fact that he helps Rosencrantz and Guildenstern realise that they are actors on stage and that they are performers to an audience. Stoppard is able to use the Player as a foil to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern who begin to question the Player asking him ââ¬Å"â⬠¦arenââ¬â¢t you going to change into your costume? â⬠, ââ¬Å"I never change out of it, sirâ⬠and ââ¬Å"arenââ¬â¢t you going to ââ¬â come on? â⬠, ââ¬Å"I am on. â⬠Here we see the irony Stoppard is trying to convey as both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern did not walk onto stage appear to put on a costume in order to come on and act. Here Stoppard explores the theme of ââ¬Å"seeming and beingâ⬠as he shows how throughout the play the two protagonists interchangeably play around with their characters of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in ââ¬Å"Hamletâ⬠and in Stoppardââ¬â¢s play. This leaves us the reader to question whether Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are acting or whether they are being themselves, leaving us intrigued as we ponder this peculiar phenomenon. Another character who helps elucidate on Stoppardââ¬â¢s theme of playing is the character of Hamlet who appears to be mad plays mind games with his two friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Nobody in the play of ââ¬Å"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Deadâ⬠and in ââ¬Å"Hamletâ⬠knows why Hamlet is acting crazy and thus, they try to find reason for his madness. What they are not aware of is the fact that Hamlet has chosen to act mad and ââ¬Å"playâ⬠the fool in order to prove the guilt of the new king and to find out if his mother was in on the plot to murder his father. Thus in Stoppardââ¬â¢s play it is obvious that Hamlet is simply playing around as he tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern that he is ââ¬Å"but mad north north-west; when the wind is southerly [he] knows a hawk from a handsawâ⬠. Through Hamletââ¬â¢s complex metaphor it is clear to see that he is actually lucid and is able to know that he is being tricked and deceived by his childhood friends with orders from Claudius. Here we are able to see how because of Rosencrantz and Guildensternââ¬â¢s lack of wit and inablilty to comprehend Hamletââ¬â¢s message they are inevitably the ones played by Hamlet and thus their ignorance leads them to their death. We as the reader and are left to see how Stoppard is able to use the character of Hamlet to show how disguise and deception both coincide with the theme of play as well as seeming and being. Lastly, Stoppard also conveys the importance of playing, through his use allusion to other texts by various writers to help show past and present literature works influence almost all writers. Stoppardââ¬â¢s play is based on the plot of ââ¬Å"Hamletâ⬠, but it greatly echoes Beckettââ¬â¢s play ââ¬Å"Waiting for Godotâ⬠. In Beckettââ¬â¢s play the main protagonists of the play also lack direction and purpose and are waiting for the appearance of Godot who never comes. Thus similar to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, they too engage in games to pass the time ââ¬Å"â⬠¦well, what to do now? â⬠, ââ¬Å"Donââ¬â¢t, letââ¬â¢s do anything. Itââ¬â¢s safer. By adopting the same ideals from Beckettââ¬â¢s play about the nature of the play and the characters, it is possible to see how Stoppard is commenting on the importance of literary influences on writers and their works. Overall, Stoppard is able to convey the importance of the theme play in his play throu gh his use of careful and witty choice of language and through the satire of his characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Stoppard is able to allow the reader and the audiences to experience the importance of the theme play through his exploration of the different interpretations of the word in numerous unconventional forms.
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